3.2.2. Violence

Question 1

Causes of player violence

Answer 1

• Win ethic
• Importance
• Nature of sport
• NGBs -> too lenient with punishment
• Excitement/ over arousal
• referee- poor decisions lead to frustration

Question 1

Definition of violence

Answer 1

Physical force directed at harming another individual, which might cause serious injury/ death in extreme cases

Question 2

Strategies to prevent player violence:

Answer 2

• Punishment -> long term bans
• Officials -> better trained officials
• Education -> NGBs/ clubs instil ethos of fair play
• Technology -> video playbacks to assist decisions

Question 3

Deviance definition

Answer 3

Any behaviour that deviates from the social norm

Question 4

Gamesmanship definition

Answer 4

Stretching of the rules to the limit to gain an unfair advantage

Question 5

Sportsmanship definition

Answer 5

Fair and generous behaviour or treatment of others

Question 6

Causes of spectator violence

Answer 6

• Alcohol or drugs -> loss of inhibitions or become braver
• Overcrowding -> poor policing or stewarding
• Hooligans -> looking for a fight, organised violence or fights, limited alternative outlets for energy
• Mass culture -> tribal nature of event, peer pressure, deindividuation or diminished responsibility within a large group
• Violence on the pitch - copying violent behaviour of players

Question 7

The Heysel Disaster:

Answer 7

When: 29th May 1985, during the European cup final between Liverpool and Juventus

Where: Heysel Stadium, Brussels, Belgium

What happened: A group of Liverpool fans crossed a fence separating them from a neutral area, fans were crushed against a wall that collapsed

Consequences: 39 people died and 600 were injured, all English clubs were banned from Europe for 5 yrs, 14 found guilty and jailed

Question 8

The Hillsborough Disaster

Answer 8

When: April 1989, semi final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest

Where: Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield

What happened: Exit gate opened in attempt to ease overcrowding in the stand when entering the stadium, fans were crushed, largely due to mistake from the police -> poor crowd management

Consequences: 97 people died + 766 injured, led to safety improvements in English grounds with elimination of fenced standing terracing in favour of seated stadiums

Question 9

Strategies to prevent spectator violence

Answer 9

• Stricter deterrents or punishments
• Control of or ban alcohol -> search gates, early kick off times, low alcohol beer at stadiums
• Improve spectator facilities
• Separation of fans
• CCTV or other security measures
• More police/ stewards/ security
• Family entertainment
• Responsible media coverage

Question 10

Implications of violence on society

Answer 10

• costs of security and policing at sporting events
• parents avoid letting children take part
• violence in sport reflects society
• law abiding fans negatively impacted

Question 11

Implications of violence on sport

Answer 11

• a sport can get a bad reputation
• reduces number of spectators if there’s a risk of violence at event
• negative role modelling
• participation of young people may reduce in violent sports

Question 12

Implications of violence on the performer

Answer 12

• results in fines and bans
• athletes can be injured
• decreases reputation
• can lose sponsorship deals