32. Puritan’s Aims And Methods Flashcards
When was the term ‘puritan’ first used?
1560s
What was a common definition at the time of puritan?
The hotter sort of Protestant
What were the puritan beliefs more closely aligned to?
Continental Protestant beliefs such as Calvinism and zwinglianism
What were some of the most radical puritans?
Presbyterians
What did Presbyterians want?
Opposed to the use of bishops and wanted a less hierarchical structure
What did Protestants believe that the only basis for religious beliefs was?
The bible
What practices did Protestants not believe in?
Bowing at the name of Jesus, kneeling to receive communion and the wearing of vestments
What did Protestant defenders of the settlement believe about acts associated with the Catholic Church?
‘Adiophora’ (insignificant)
What were Protestants not content with?
Weren’t content with attending one service on Sundays and opposed games and entertainment on Sundays
What did puritans do on Sundays?
Often had private meetings in the afternoons, studying scriptures and reading devotional books
What were puritans hostile to the presence of?
The presence of bishops
Who were bishops appointed by?
The queen
Why did the puritans not have unified aims?
They were never an organised movement
What did puritans want to remove from the church?
Elements that were too Catholic or not based on biblical authority
What examples of elements that were too Catholic were there?
Holy days, the sign of the cross, and the surplice
What did puritans want to do about the structure of the church?
Change the hierarchical structure of the church
What did the puritans want to change about the hierarchical structure?
Wanted a reduction or abolition of the roles of bishops and archbishops
What did puritans want to improve?
The standard of the clergy and the amount of preaching
How many church services did puritans want on a Sunday?
Two
How did puritans want to remodel the English church?
Along the ideas of the Calvinist and Zwinglian churches of Northern Europe
Who was John Field?
Wrote the admonition to parliament in 1572
Who was Walter Strickland?
The MP who introduced a bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer to Parliament in 1571
Who was Peter Wentworth?
The MP who led an attack into clerical abuses in 1576
Who was Anthony Cope?
The MP who introduced the ‘bill and book’ into parliament in 1586
Who was Thomas Sampson?
Started the Vestiarian Controversy when he refused to wear the surplice in 1565
Who was Thomas Cartwright?
The Cambridge professor who introduced Presbyterian teaching in England
Who were Robert Browne and Robert Harrison?
Separatists who founded their own church in Norwich in the 1580s
Who were Henry Barrow and John Greenwood?
Separatists who founded their own church in London in the 1590s
What started the Vestiarian controversy?
Thomas Sampson refused to wear the surplice and was deprived of his position
What did Matthew Parker say about Thomas Sampson?
Said they could wear a very simple surplice
What happened to clergy who wouldn’t conform to wearing the surplice?
They lost their jobs
How many London preachers lost their job as a result of refusing to conform in 1566?
37 London preachers
What did some of the preachers who lost their jobs in 1566 set up?
Independant underground churches
Was there a lot of independent churches set up?
No
Who was Bullinger?
The main European puritan leader
What did Bullinger advise the puritans to do?
To give way to
When did Thomas Sampson refuse to wear the surplice?
May 1565
Who was the leading academic critic?
Thomas Cartwright
What did Thomas Cartwright introduce into England?
Presbyterian teaching
What did Thomas Cartwright do in 1570?
He gave a series of lecturers criticising the Elizabethan church, in particular the role of bishops which he said didn’t reflect the bible
What was removed from Cartwright?
His professorship was removed
Where was Thomas Cartwright a professor?
Cambridge
Who removed Cartwright’s professorship?
John Whitgift, the vice chancellor of the university
What was published addressed to MPs but as a general appeal to the public?
The Admonition to Parliament
Who published The Admonition to Parliament?
John Field and Thomas Wilcox
When was The Admonition to Parliament published?
June 1572
What did The Admonition to Parliament argue?
Argued for the eradication of superstitious practice and abolition of the current hierarchy of the church
What did Elizabeth order would happen as a result of The Admonition to Parliament?
Field and Wilcox were arrested and spent a year in Newgate prison
What was good about the Admonition for puritans?
It had a wide readership and was the start of a pamphlet war waged by Puritans
What was written in 1573?
The disciplinale ecclesiale
Who wrote the Disciplinale Ecclesiale in 1573?
Walter Travers
What did the Disciplinale Ecclesiale argue?
That each congregation should have a minister, a teacher, and an elder, rather than bishops and archbishops
What was published in 1589?
The anonymous Martin Marprelate Tracts
What were the Martin Marprelate Tracts?
A series of crude pamphlets
What did the Martin Marprelate Tracts do?
Alienated more people than they won over due to being so extreme
How did the government fight back against the Martin Marprelate Tracts?
They destroyed printing presses and imprisoned extremists
When did a small group of puritans begin to press for basic reforms in the government of the church in Parliament?
In the 1570s
When did the puritans become more unified and organised?
In the parliamentary sessions of 1563 and 1566-7
What did the more organised ‘puritan choir’ force Elizabeth into doing?
Adopting a more Protestant religious settlement than she really wanted
What were the puritans concentrated on?
Developing the reformed religion at a local level
What were prophesyings?
Meetings where prayers and sermons were said
When were prophesyings increasingly used?
In the 1570s
What did elizabeth view the prophesyings as?
Potentially encouraging unrest
What did elizabeth order to happen about the prophesyings?
Ordered archbishop Edmund Grindal to suppress them
What happened when Edmund Grindal refused to suppress the prophesyings?
He was confined to house arrest
What movement developed in the 1580s?
classical Presbyterianism
What was classical Presbyterianism based on?
Groups of local clergy who met in secret to discuss the scripture
Who was the Classical Presbyterianism network coordinated by?
John Field, and they also remained in touch with international puritan groups
What did the classical Presbyterianism movement aim to do?
Reorganise the church on the Genevan model
Why did Elizabeth disagree with the genevan church?
She believed the monarch should control the church
What happened when Whitgift became archbishop?
He set up a high commission to determine the clergy’s loyalty to elizabeth
How many clergy were removed for being in sufficiently loyal by Whitgift?
Between 300 and 400 clergy
Where was Walter Strickland from?
A gentleman MP from Yorkshire
What did Strickland introduce in April 1571?
A bill to reform the book of common prayer
What did the bill to reform the book of common prayer abolish?
The use of surplices, the ring in marriage, and kneeling at communion
What did the privy council do about Strickland’s bill?
They summoned Strickland to answer accusations he had infringed on the queens prerogative
What happened to Strickland?
He was barred from the House of Commons
Why was Strickland allowed to return to the House of Commons?
After an outcry from MPs
What happened to Peter Wentworth?
He was sent to the Tower of London
When was cope an MP in parliament?
1586 Parliament
What happened in the 1586 Parliament?
A lot of puritan MPs were chosen for Parliament
What did Cope propose?
A ‘bill and book’
What did the ‘bill and book’ say?
That the genevan prayer book would replace the Book of Common Prayer, and that the authority of bishops would be ended
Who supported the bill and book?
Job Throckmorton MP
What happened as a result of the ‘bill and book’?
On elizabeth’s orders, cope and four others were sent to the tower
What did pro-government MPs argued about the bill and book?
That the bill meant that all former monastic land would have to be surrendered to finance the new church
Who’s an example of a pro government MP?
Hatton
What were separatists?
Puritans who weren’t prepared to compromise so set up their own church
What was an example of a separatist church?
The plumbers hall congregation
Who rooted out the Plumbers hall congregation?
Edmund Grindal
When did Edward Grindal root out the plumbers Hall congregation?
1567
What happened to Robert Browne after setting up their own church in Norwich?
He was temporarily imprisoned
What happened to Robert Browne and Robert Harrison after setting up their own church in Norwich?
They emigrated to Holland in 1582
What happened to Henry Barrow and John Greenwood after setting up their own church in London?
They were arrested and executed, marking the end of the separatist movement
What was bad about the separatism movement?
It was very small and was never united
