21. The Religious Situation In 1553 Flashcards
What problems did Mary face?
-Protestantism had supporters in London and other parts of the south east
-the reformed Protestant church was protected by legislation
-many members of the political elite had benefited financially from the acquisition of monastic land and were concerned that the Catholic restoration would threaten these
When did Mary make a proclamation?
16 August 1553
What did Mary’s proclamation state?
She intended to proceed cautiously, but also making it clear that she intended to observe the Catholic religion and demanding that her ‘subjects would quietly follow suit’
What happened when Mary become Queen?
Bells were rung and parliament opened with a sung mass, although this was officially illegal
What happened at Oxford?
Chalices reappeared
What happened on the 23rd August?
An altar and cross were set up at St Nicholas Cole Abbey in London
What happened the following day after an altar and cross were set up at St Nicholas Cole Abbey?
This practice was followed by six other churches across London
How many turned out for Mary’s coronation?
Large numbers
What happened in August 1553?
Mary issued a proclamation outlawing the discussing of controversial religious teaching in English and outlawing the use of the terms papist and heretic
What happened in Sept 1553?
Archbishop Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, John Rogers, and others were arrested
What happened in October 1553?
Parliament met and refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy, but it did pass the Act of Repeal
What was the act of repeal?
It undid the religious changes under Edward and restored the religious situation to that of 1547 under the Act of Six Articles
What did the act of repeal revive?
The mass and clerical celibacy
What happened in December 1553?
Mary gave up the title of supreme head of the church
What happened in January 1554?
Mass exodus of Protestants to Germany and Switzerland
How many Protestants moved to Germany and Switzerland?
Around 800
What happened in March 1554?
Royal injunctions were issued and Protestant bishops were removed from their offices
What did royal injunctions order?
Bishops to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, and restore holy days, processions and ceremonies.
What percentage of clergy were deprived for having married?
10-25%
Why were some married clergy reinstated?
When they conformed
What happened in April 1554?
Parliament initially rejected the reintroduction of the heresy laws but then did pass them once promises were made that the former monastic land would not be restored to the church
What happened in November 1554?
-Cardinal Pole, the papal legate, returned to England, and England’s excommunication was lifted.
-parliament passed the second act of repeal
What was the second act of repeal?
Undid all anti-papal legislation since 1529, but did protect those who had bought church land since 1536
What happened in January 1555?
The act of repeal revoking the royal supremacy was passed
What happened in February 1555?
John Rogers, a biblical translator, became the first Protestant martyr of the reign when he was burnt
What happened on the 16 October 1555?
Bishops Latimer and Ridley were burned for heresy in Oxford
What happened in December 1555?
-Following Gardiner’s death in November, Reginald Pole became Archbishop of Canterbury.
What did the replacement of Gardiner mean for Mary?
A key restraining influence on her was removed
What happened in February 1556?
Pole set up the London Synod (a religious council), which attempted to carry out positive changes
What did the London Synod do?
Demanded that priests should be resident in their parishes and stressed the need to end pluralism
What happened on the 21 March 1556?
Cranmer was burned at the stake, despite having previously recanted
What happened in November 1558?
Mary and Pole died
