3.1, 3.2, 3.3 Flashcards
The pre-industrial era date
pre-1780
6 Socio-cultural factors that influenced the characteristics of pre-industrial Britain
Communications + transport were ltd, There was widespread illiteracy of lower class,The lower class experienced cruel existences whilst the upper class lived in comfort,There was v. little free time - work was mostly agricultural - long hours and few agricultural holidays,Class divisions in the 2-tier society (upper + lower class) - based on a feudal system, People lived in rural areas
Feudal system
A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service/labour
Popular recreation definition
The sport + pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
Characteristics of popular recreation
LUCICROWS: L ocal - activities were specific to each community, U nwritten rules, C lass based - lower class participated, I lliterate - meant rules were basic, R ural, O ccasional - events were annual - during breaks in the agricultural calendar, W agering - bets were placed on sporting events by the upper class, S imple - a lack of complex equipment - they used available resources
Example of illiteracy affecting a popular recreation
Only rule in mob football was don’t murder
An example of simple resources used in mob football
open land
3 examples of popular recreation
Mob football + athletics + real tennis (but this didn’t reflect the characteristics of popular recreation)
Case study of mob football
Shrovetide mob football
Nickname for real tennis
‘sport of kings’
Why real tennis didn’t fit the characteristics of popular recreation
It was played by the upper class e.g. Henry VIII, It involved complex, written rules, Literate players could read + understand the complex rules, There was a high moral code - so it lacked violencee,The upper class had lots of free time - so it was a regular activity,It used expensive, purpose-built facilities + specialist equipment,It was non-local as the upper class could travel to participate
Athletics as a popular recreation
foot racing
A patron
A member of the upper class who looked after a lower class performer e.g. by arranging competitions for them to participate in, giving prize money + looking after the performer’s welfare
Activities (popular recreation) involved in festival occasions in pre-industrial Britain
Athletic events e.g. running, hurdles + football
Foot racing
A form of competitive running/walking in the 17th + 18th centuries involving endurance events, Footmen (hired servants by the upper class) competed as messengers for their speed across the land,The gentry wagered on how many miles they would cover in a set amount of time
What foot racing evolved into
pedestrianism
Why the upper class were happy to act as patrons to the lower class performers
Success in athletics meant an increase in social status for someone
The gentry
The upper class
Pedestrianism
race walking
Rational recreation
19th century sporting pastimes for the lower class that were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organized + controlled,Involves the post-industrial development of sport for the masses, Was characterized by a number of features e.g. respectability, regularity, strict administration + codification
Examples of rational recreation
The Wenlock Olympian Games, the modern Olympic Games, association football, lawn tennis + track + field athletics
1850 - The Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS)
They wanted to form an Olympian Class to promote moral, physical + intellectual improvements, especially for the lower class people of Wenlock. They promoted this through participation in outdoor recreation challenges
The Wenlock Olympian Society (the Olympian Class)
Started in 1860
Dr William Penny Brookes
The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850 (the forerunner to the modern Olympic Games), He was inspired to create the event because of his work as a doctor in Much Wenlock, Shropshire,He + the Wenlock Olympian Society campaigned for P.E to be on the school curriculum + promoted benefits of sport + exercise nationally
The National Olympian Association
Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes + the Wenlock Olympian Society in 1866 + attracted 10,000 spectators at its 1st festival
Activities in the Wenlock Olympian Games
A mixture of athletics + traditional sports e.g. quoits, football, cricket, running + hurdles, Some fun events e.g. an ‘Old woman’s race’ - with a pound of tea for the winner, Drew athletes from all over the country, Involved lots of pageantry + celebration e.g. a band led a procession of flag bearers, officials + competitors, Olympic hymns were sung + a crown of laurel leaves was placed on the winner’s head during medal ceremonies
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
He visited the Wenlock Olympian Society in 1890 - they held a special festival in his honour + he was inspired by Dr William Penny Brookes to establish the International Olympic Committee (IOC) + organise the modern Olympic Games in Athens (1896)
The Industrial Revolution
Occurred between the mid-18th century + the mid-19th century, This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society to an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society - controlled by a powerful, urban middle-class
The negative effects that the Industrial Revolution had on sport + pastimes during the 1st half of the 19th century
Migration of the lower classes into urban areas looking for factory work (urbanisation) - led to a lack of space for traditional, mob games + overcrowding, A lack of leisure time - due to a shift from seasonal to machine time - led to 12 hour working days, 6 days a week,Lack of income due to low wages led to poverty + little spare income for leisure activities, Poor health - due to poor working + living conditions, a lack of hygiene + pollution - meant little energy for sport, Loss of rights - mob games + blood sports were restricted by changes in laws, A lack of public provision - meant no access to facilities or equipment for the lower classes
Positive effects of the Industrial Revolution on sport + pastimes in the 2nd half of the 19th century
Health + hygiene improved - due to improvement in living conditions + local provision of public baths improved cleanliness + prevented spread of disease - meant more energy + willingness to participate in sport, Increased wages + free time (due to decreased working hours) due to Factory Acts + Saturday half-days,Development of the middle-class (businessmen) - changed sport to having a higher morality + level of respect - they developed strict rules, leagues + comps, provided facilities (like public parks via their involvement in councils), gave more time off work + broken time payments,The influence of ex-public schoolboys via industry + the Church, The values of athleticism - physical endeavor with moral integrity (always trying hard + working to the best of your ability but taking part in the spirit of fair play) - spread to the lower classes, Industrial patronage, Improvements in transport + communications - it became cheaper to travel - participation and spectating became more accessible - due to developments of roads + steam trains - allowed leagues to establish + meant fixtures+ results could be published in newspapers
Industrial patronage
Where factory owners became patrons of sport for the working class by providing support for them to participate (they set up factory teams (decreased absenteeism + encouraged loyalty in the workforce), provided sporting facilities + excursions to the coast, Led to provision for recreation + sport
Urbanisation
Where large numbers of people migrated to towns + cities from the countryside seeking regular work in factories
The key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport
Lack of space in cities led to the development of purpose-built facilities e.g. football grounds, Large working-class populations in cities needed entertaining - resulted in mass spectator no.s at football + rugby matches, Loss of traditional sports as working-class mob games were banned - meant a need for the emergence of new sports, As working hours decreased + incomes increased - sports attendances + participation increased
How the transport revolution contributed to the development of sport
The development of railways + steam trains enabled faster + further travel for performers+ spectators - led to regular, nationwide fixtures, cups + leagues e.g. the Football League - increased spectator + participation opportunities + spread interest in sport + created a need for the codification of sport,Train travel became affordable for the working class - allowed spectators to follow their teams + performers home + away, Improved access to the countryside - made countryside activities like rambling, field sports + climbing popular
The impact that improvements in communications had on the development of sport
Society improved as education provision for the working class improved - led to improvements in literacy rates - meant communications - e.g. via newspapers - improved, Developments in printed media increased knowledge + awareness of sport e.g. when local fixtures were taking place + increased knowledge of results, It led to the emergence of sporting heroes/role models - due to people being able to read match reports + relate to the performances of their favourite players
The influence of the Church on the development of sport
Changing views of the Church during Victorian times helped promote sport + recreation among local communities, The Church promoted sport to encourage social control (improved behaviour) through civilised activities - diverted people away fro socially unacceptable activities e.g. drinking + gambling,Church facilities - such as church halls + playing fields - provided venues/facilities for improving the morality of the working classes, Sport was seen as a good way to promote Christian values,The development of the YMCA promoted the healthy body/healthy mind link, The clergy viewed sport as a good way to swell congregations + increase church attendances, The approval + active involvement of the clergy gave encouragement for the working class to participate in rationalised sporting activities like association football, The Church set up clubs + organised teams + comps,Many modern-day football clubs have church origins e.g. Aston Villa originated from the Villa Cross Methodist Church,Various church groups formed (e.g. the Boys’ Brigade, Scouts + the YMCA) with sporting involvement a key part of their programmes of activities
How the middle class (often ex-public schoolboys) aided sporting developments
They helped codify sports through the development of strict rules - via the development of national governing bodies (NGBs) e.g. the F.A in 1863, the RFU in 1871 + the LTA in 1888, They took major leadership roles within the NGBs, They developed leagues + comps via their involvement in public schools, universities, clubs, NGBs, factory teams + church teams, They developed public facilities (e.g. parks + public baths) via philanthropists, factory owns, the Church + the passing of government Acts in their role as local MPs, Middle-class factory owners gave their workers more leisure time - e.g. a Saturday half day - allowed more time to watch or participate in sport, They helped develop the early commercial/professional sport e.g. by acting as agents, promoters + factory owners who set up factory teams + paid broken time payments for footballers
Philanthropists
Kind, generous middle-class individuals who had a social conscience + were keen to try to provide for a better life for the working class
Codification
The gradual organisation and defining of the rules for the playing of the sport + the behaviour/conduct of participants
Public provision
Local council provision of facilities (sporting or recreational) for the masses to participate, The ways in which 19th century public school + university old boys influenced the development of sport in Britain + its spread through the British Empire, As factory owners - they set up teams + gave workers time off to play competitive sport nationally + internationally, As clergy - They developed church teams or became missionaries + took sport abroad (good for social control + morality), As British army officers - They used sport with the armed services + spread sport throughout the Empire, As diplomats - they travelled the world + took sport w e.g. rugby + cricket,They formed NGBs - which codified sports + they established leagues + comps which eventually spread nationally + internationally
The ways in which 19th century public school + university old boys influenced the development of sport in Britain + its spread through the British Empire
As teachers - they developed teams + taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the Empire
The influence of public provision on the development + spread of rational recreation
The development of public baths in urban areas increased the opportunities for working-class rational recreation,Local authorities felt a civic responsibility to apply for grants to provide public washing facilities + improve their town’s status (via the wash Houses Act of 1846) - tried to improve the health + hygiene of the working class to combat the harsh side-effects of industrialization (poor living conditions, disease + pollution), Public bath houses were developed - 1st + 2nd class facilities reflected the social class of the individuals using them,Plunge baths were developed for swimming + recreational use - a means of social control of the working classes as it kept them away from drink + violence, It helped improve productivity of workers as they were healthier + less prone to disease + infection
Reason why lots of NGBs began to develop in England during the mid-to-late 19th century
Sport was becoming increasingly popular - participation was becoming more widespread, More teams + clubs were forming, More national + international fixtures were being organised, Leagues + comps were required for all the teams to compete in,Nationally agreed rules + codification for different sports was required (e.g. association football) - to establish a single set of rules to enable fair competition, Different public schools played different versions of sports - created problems when the boys moved on, They were required to maintain the amateur ideal to deal with professionalism + early commercialisation of sport + also to maintain control of sport within the middle + upper-classes e.g. exclusivity via occupation - they were able to set rules of eligibility to exclude the working class + prevent them beating them
Characteristics of rational recreation
Respectability - it was non-violent in nature + emphasised fair play,Regionally/nationally/regularly played + involved competitions - watching Saturday afternoon football for the masses was particularly popular in their time off work, Codified - Strict + complex written rules set down by NGBs for the conduct of a sport, Officiated - Officials enforced the newly developed rules, Officiated - Officials enforced the newly developed rules, Purpose-built facilities e.g. grounds, pitches + tracks - where sport took place - set around urban areas with large populations to draw on for spectators,Skills/tactics based - players had positional roles which they became specialist in + performers trained to improve their technique + fitness levels to increase their chances of winning ,Gambling controlled, Influenced by religion,Impacted by the industrial Revolution, Involved amateurism + professionalism
The 2 codes by which sport is played
The amateur code (stresses playing sport for the sake of it) + the professional code (places a big emphasis on winning)
An amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it + receives no financial gain
A professional
A person who plays sport for financial gain
Values of amateurism
Manliness, robustness, striving + physical endeavor, Appreciation of the value of health + fitness,Appreciation of the value of rule-regulated activity,High moral integrity
Characteristics of a gentleman amateur
Being a respected member of society (middle or upper-class) with a public school background - their high sporting status reflected their high status in society, Belonged to the social elite, Had wealth + lots of free time for sport,Viewed participation in sport as a character-building exercise - training was frowned upon as it constituted professionalism, They played a range of sports using their natural talents,They played sport to a high moral code e.g. they immediately accepted rules of the game + refereeing decisions, they showed restraint in victory + good humour in defeat, They deemed a referee unnecessary as they believed they could govern themselves
Positive impacts of amateurism
Amateurs had a higher status than professionals at the time in both sport + society - elite sport was run by the upper + middle classes,The code of amateurism - based on playing sport to clearly set rules put in place by middle + upper classes that formed the NGBs, Amateurism adhered to a code of ethics (dominant at the time) + played sport to a high set of moral values (fair play, sportsmanship + immediate acceptance of rules/refereeing decisions), Belonging to the social elite meant they had wealth and free time - meant they were able to play sport for the love of it instead of just for the money (it was taking part that counted + it was the participation that was the character-building exercise) - they played according to their God-given abilities + training was frowned upon as that would constitute professionalism, Amateurs viewed an all-rounder (someone who played + developed competency in a variety of sports) with high regard,Amateurs were the elite performers of the 1800s,The middle class admired the cultural values of the upper class gentleman amateur
The working-class professional
They had low status in society, They had to make money from sport or they couldn’t afford to play, V. little free time due to long working hours,Committed to train + perform as well as possible, They came from a poor background + were believed to be corruptible as they were controlled by money e.g. they could be bribed to throw a fight or lose a game on purpose, Early professionals in walking + running races were paid according to results - meant training was specialised + winning was the most important thing - they would cheat to win (a low morality),Foul play + gamesmanship (pushing the boundaries of the rules) were used to try to gain an advantage + increase their chances of winning, Challenges to refereeing decisions were common
Example of an amateur sport
Rugby Union + amateur athletics
Examples of professional sports
Rugby league + football
Positive impacts of 19th century professionalism on the development of sport
As they were poor, they had to be paid a wage when representing their factory team - meant broken time payments emerged - meant the working class could receive payment for playing sport, Standards of performances improved as a result of dedicated raining as early professionals in walking + running races were paid according to results, It improved the wages of working-class people as, even though the wages weren’t amazing, they were still better than the normal wage of the time, It led to the commercialisation + improved media coverage of sport in the late 1900s, Earning money from sport was seen as an opportunity for society - created a determination to succeed as there were high rewards at stake + the chance of an improved lifestyle
Features of modern-day amateurs
Of lower stats than professionals, Can be elite performers but are normally not of the highest level, Have equal opportunities with professionals + achievement is based on merit + levels of performance, Performance at the highest level of sport is open to all, Some receive finance to pay for training expenses (e.g. National Lottery funding + Sports Aid money) - enables them to train as full-time athletes in modern-day sport but they don’t gain financially from Lottery funding
The positives of modern-day amateurism
Codes of amateurism are still evident in sport e.g. fair play + sportsmanship, It’s still viewed positively + promoted e.g. fair play awards in football, shaking hands before + after sports events + in the Olympics (the Olympic Ideal - based on principles of amateurism), Sports like Rugby Union remained as amateur sports until the late 1900s + still have codes of conduct based on principles of amateurism e.g. calling the referee ‘Sir’
Factors responsible for the growth + improved status of professional sport from the 1900s to the modern-day
All classes can compete (social class is no longer a barrier to participation/success) + social mobility became increasingly possible, People are now respected for their talents + efforts in reaching the highest level, There’s now high rewards for professionals through media + sponsorship e.g. footballers + tennis players, Professionals have more time to train (as they’re mostly full-time) - leads to them having higher standards of performance than amateurs, Celebrity status, more media coverage + investment in sport have led to major financial rewards being available + more sports have become professional, Many professionals are wealthy + live in luxury - desired by many in society, Positive role models motivate others to follow their achievements, Investment + sponsorship in sport has made them commercialized - makes them sustainable, More spectators - due to easier + affordable travel
Social mobility
The possibility for people in society to change their social class within their lifetime
Reasons for the development of Association Football
Urbanisation (gave a large captive audience in the cities - who were attracted to football by purpose-built facilities e.g. terraces for spectators to watch matches), More free time (due to shorter working hours - gave more opportunities to spectate or participate + Saturday 3PM = the traditional time for an Association Football match), More disposable income (meant improved standards of living due to higher wages - meant the working class had enough money to pay entrance fees + transport to matches - spread football nationwide with national fixtures), The transport revolution (allowed away matches + increased regularity of matches - led to the formation of leagues + cup comps e.g. the F.A cup in the 1871/2 season), Increased professionalism (due to increased opportunities to participate in football e.g. via broken time payments + professional football was 1st recognized by the F.A in 1885 + seen as a good job + an opportunity for social mobility), Social class links (through middle-class influence - gave football respectability due to better moral values + the working class participated + spectated), Increased organisation (due to the setting up of the F.A in 1863)
The Bosman Ruling
Allowed footballers within the EU to move clubs at the end of their contract for free
The effect of the Bosman Ruling
It massively increased the salaries of footballers
How sport became commercialised from the 1900s to the modern-day
Radio + cinema made sport a mass entertainment industry e.g. the BBC began live coverage of sport events in 1927, Football attendances + gate receipts soared, modern media coverage e.g. T.V + social media - gives more role models,The maximum wage in football was abolished + the Bosman Ruling,Continued development of transport (internationally - quicker + easier), Technology advances e.g. decision making systems like hawk eye - ensure correct decisions are made
Reasons for the increased opportunities for women in modern-day elite sport
More equal opportunities (more sports are socially acceptable for women to compete in + the Sex Discrimination Act has been passed - helps prevent it + the women’s war effort improved views on the physical capabilities of women), Increased media coverage e.g. the Women’s Super League on BT sport + women’s football = on FIFA 16, More female role models e.g. more female officials, coaches + players, More provision in school P.E in lessons + clubs, Increased promotion by the F.A e.g. the women’s F.A cup final = now at Wembley, More clubs (local + professional),Increased funding increases participation @ grass roots + elite level, More free time for women in society, Better wages available in female elite sport, There’s now a Women’s Referee Development Pathway.
Lawn tennis
A middle-class invention as they aspired to be like the upper class but were excluded from real tennis, It got patented by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield in 1874, Played on courts in lawn gardens in middle-class households, Walls + hedges excluded the lower class initially, Private tennis clubs were established where gardens seemed unsuitable to house a tennis court, 1877 - the All England Croquet Club was renamed the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club, Used to overcome female stereotypes - allowed female participation in 1884 - positive female role models inspired participation e.g. Lottie Dodd (a multiple Wimbledon singles champion in the late 1800s + an all-round sportswoman) + Miss Maud Watson was the 1st female winner at Wimbledon, It helped female sporting participation as could be played in the privacy of their own gardens - seen as a minimum exercise activity for women - they weren’t expected to sweat (sweating was seen as unladylike), It could be a mixed activity + was a form of social gathering which benefitted their health at the same time, Spread to tournaments worldwide + the majors were formed, People realized they could earn lots of money from tennis - began to turn it professional but there were separate pro + amateur comps e.g. the majors were still amateur, Eventually anyone could enter tournaments + pros could earn money playing alongside amateurs (the open era) - it commercialised but there were inequalities in prize money for men + women until 2007
Amateur feature of modern-day tennis
Dress codes
Key features of lawn tennis
A middle-class invention (an affordable alternative to real tennis + set them apart from the working class + led to the formation of private clubs - encouraged participation), Played by the middle-class, Organised by the middle-class (e.g. they formed the private clubs), Used specialist equipment (which the middle class could afford), Used standardised rules (written in rulebooks), Was played by males + females, Public provision (e.g. public parks - spread it to the working class)
How women originally dressed for lawn tennis
In a modest way - they fully covered their bodies in high-necked + long-sleeved dresses
The WTA
Now a global leader in women’s pro sport, Created women’s tennis circuits/comps, Led to female role models + sponsorship for women + global media coverage of women’s tennis
Factors that led to the rationalization of athletics
Industrialisation + urbanisation (replaced rural fairs with urban fairs + athletics events with walking + running races over set distances), Purpose-built facilities were built e.g. tracks, Increased no.s of spectators at athletics events
Features of popular recreation which remained as athletics rationalised
Wagering, Class divisions (between pros + amateurs)
What did the exclusion clause do in rationalizing athletics
Excluded the working class pros from the early form of rationalised athletics e.g. they couldn’t get AAC membership
The positive influences that the AAC had on athletics
They brought in respectability, emphasised endeavor + fair play + courage + stopped wagering
Who brought in the exclusion clause to athletics
The AAC (Amateur Athletics Club)
Who made up the AAC
Gentlemen amateurs (ex public schoolboys + ex university students)
Reason for the exclusion clause in rationalizing athletics
It attempted to separate modern athletics from the old, corrupt, popular recreation version
The influence that the AAA (Amateur Athletics Association) had on rationalising athletics
They withdrew the exclusion clause, They changed the image of a pro to someone who ran for money (not just a member of the working class)
Why the AAC + AAA saw athletics as unsuitable for women
It was an unladylike activity + didn’t allow them to follow an appropriate dress code
When women were able to participate in athletics
When the Women’s AAA was established (after the AAC + after the AAA was established)
The 1st Olympics which allowed female participation
Amsterdam 1928
The events which women weren’t allowed to compete in initially in the Olympics
Events over 800m
Why women weren’t initially allowed to compete in events over 800m in the Olympics
They were seen as too strenuous
The purpose of trust funds in athletics
They enabled athletes to still take part in amateur comps whilst allowing athletes to earn money
How athletics payments work today
There are no trust funds + payments = made directly to athletes or their agents
Who set the rules for modern-day athletics + organise comps
The IAAF
The old name for the IAAF
The IAAA
Who initially controlled + authorised athlete payments in rationalised athletics
The governing body
How trust funds worked
Athletes received payments from them for day-to-day living expenses + the balance became available when the athlete retired
What generates the money in modern-day, commercialised athletics
Global media coverage, lots of live spectators sponsors
How women continued to be excluded in athletics
They couldn’t enter the marathon until the 1984 L.A Olympics, They couldn’t enter the Olympic triple Jump until 1996, They couldn’t enter the Olympic hammer throw until 2000
What components constitute the golden triangle in sport
Sport, business + media
Feature of modern-day commercial sport which generate revenue
T.V rights, Sponsorship, Merchandising, Media Exposure
Characteristics of modern-day commercial sport
High quality + professional, Held together by sponsorship + business, Part of a mass-entertainment industry, Involves contracts E.g. T.V rights and sale of merchandise, Athletes are sponsored by companies - leads to increased sales and profits and athletes are role models, Wide media coverage and well matched competition, Simple/understandable rules
Effects of commercialisation on pro performers
High incomes for performing, winning and from sponsors, Pressure to perform when injured, Must specialise to compete at the highest level - requires dedicated training, self sacrifice and desire, They become household names, Controlled by sponsors, Lack of privacy
Effects of commercialisation on sport
Rules and scoring systems have been changed to speed up action and prevent spectator boredom E.g. Use of multiple balls at footy matches, Breaks in play so sponsors can advertise, Comp formats have changed/been created E.g. T20 cricket,Poor media coverage of women’s sport impacts participation and funding at grass roots and pro level - fewer female role models, Increased use of tech in sport for viewer experience E.g. Stump mic in cricket
Why companies invest in sport E.g. as sponsors
For increased sales and to advertise, Associates the company with sporting excellence and sport’s healthy image, Gives opportunities for corporate hospitality, For tax relief, Improve company morale
Globalisation
Where countries become linked together and work together e.g. Via travel and communication improvements
Where globalisation can be seen in sport
Worldwide sponsors of events,Teams containing players from all over the world, New nations hosting sporting events
Example of a new nation sporting event
The 1994 USA football World Cup
A worldwide sporting event sponsor example
Coca cola
Level of sports T.V in the mid 1900s
Poor
Point of creating Match of the Day
To train cameramen for the upcoming World Cup in the mid 1900s
What led to international football T.V
Advances in videotape and intercontinental communication satellites
What helped trigger a love of football and Match of the Day in England in the mid 1900s
England winning the 1966 World Cup
What caused the increase in media in sport in the early 2000s
Developments such as the satellite, Increased money involved in media rights
Purposes of sports performers using social media
To improve their connections with fans and to promote their personal branding
How athletes use YouTube to achieve their goals
They upload edited highlights of their performances to attract coaches and university scholarships
Negatives of social media for sports performers
They can be fined and suspended for posting inappropriate things on social media
The solution to helping pro sports performers to learn how to use social media appropriately
Specialist organisations are being set up e.g. ‘Social Media Coach for Athletes’
How women’s tennis is promoted through social media
The WTA advertise on it
How England Athletics use social media
They use it for clubs to communicate with their members and people interested in athletics, They have produced info to help clubs understand the basics of social media to prevent its inappropriate usage
