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1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why joints are necessary

A

To join the skeleton together + allow muscles to lever bones to create movement

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2
Q

The names of the sections of the vertebrae from top to bottom

A

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum + the coccyx

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3
Q

The name of the shoulder blades

A

Scapula

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4
Q

The name of the collar bone

A

Clavicle

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5
Q

The name of the skull

A

Cranium

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6
Q

The larger bone in the leg below the knee

A

Tibia

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7
Q

The smaller bone of the leg below the knee

A

Fibula

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8
Q

The names of the bones of the hand starting with those of the wrist + moving further away

A

Carpals, metacarpals + phalanges

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9
Q

The names of the bones of the feet starting with those of the ankles + moving further away

A

Talus, tarsals, metatarsals + phalanges

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10
Q

The mandible

A

The jaw bone

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11
Q

The ischium

A

The 2 curved bones at the bottom of the pelvis

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12
Q

What is a joint

A

Where 2 or more bones meet

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13
Q

How joints are classified

A

By how much movement they allow

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14
Q

3 main types of joints

A

Fibrous/fixed joints, cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints + synovial/freely moveable joints

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15
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket + hinge

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16
Q

What type of joint is the ankle

A

A hinge joint

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17
Q

What does articulating bones mean

A

The bones that meet + move at the joint

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18
Q

The movement allowed by ball and socket joints

A

Movement in every direction

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19
Q

The structure of a ball + socket joint

A

The round head of 1 bone fits into the cup-shaped capsule of the connecting bone

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20
Q

The articulating bones of the hip

A

The femur + pelvis

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21
Q

The articulating bones of the shoulder

A

The humerus + scapula

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22
Q

The movement allowed at a hinge joint

A

Movement only in one direction

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23
Q

What restricts the movement at hinge joints

A

The shape of the bones making up the joint

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24
Q

The articulating bones of the ankle

A

The talus, tibia + fibula

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25
Q

The articulating bones of the elbow

A

The humerus, radius + ulna

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26
Q

The articulating bones of the knee

A

The femur + tibia

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27
Q

What are planes of movement

A

Imaginary lines running through the body which divide the body up into planes

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28
Q

What is the point in planes of movement

A

They help explain joint action

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29
Q

The 3 planes of the body

A

The sagittal, frontal + transverse plane

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30
Q

The sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane which divides the body into left + right halves

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31
Q

The frontal plane

A

A vertical plane which divides the body into front + back halves

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32
Q

The transverse plane

A

A horizontal plane which divides the body into upper + lower halves

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33
Q

How the idea of planes of movement helps explain joint action

A

When performing an activity, a body/body parts moves in 1 of the planes or in all 3 of them depending on the action being performed

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34
Q

An example of a movement which makes the performer move in all 3 planes

A

A full twisting somersault in gymnastics

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35
Q

Axes of movement

A

Imaginary axis running through the body about which rotation occurs - helps explain joint action

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36
Q

Transverse axis

A

A horizontal axis of movement that runs from side to side across the body

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37
Q

Sagittal axis

A

A horizontal axis of movement which runs from front to back

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38
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

A vertical axis of movement which runs from top to bottom

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39
Q

Types of joint movement which occur in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis

A

Flexion, extension, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion + hyper-extension

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40
Q

Types of joint movement which occur in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis

A

Abduction + adduction

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41
Q

Types of joint movement which occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis

A

Horizontal abduction + horizontal adduction

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42
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

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43
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

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44
Q

Plantar-flexion

A

Pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes

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45
Q

Dorsi-flexion

A

Pulling the toes up to the shin

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46
Q

Hyper-extension

A

Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint beyond 180 degrees e.g. moving a leg behind its standing position = hyper-extension of the hip or moving your arm behind your body = hyper-extension of the shoulder

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47
Q

Flexion of the shoulder

A

Raising the arms forward

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48
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

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49
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

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50
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction

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51
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of the arm from your side forwards across the body at 90 degrees to a position of shoulder abduction

52
Q

How muscles move bones when they contract

A

One end of the muscle is anchored in place + the other end pulls the bone causing movement

53
Q

The anchor point of the bicep

A

On the scapula

54
Q

The insertion point of the bicep

A

On the radius

55
Q

Agonists

A

Muscles which are responsible for the movement that’s occurring at that moment in time

56
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles which work in opposition to the agonist (the one that’s relaxing + lengthening at that moment in time)

57
Q

What do antagonists help to produce

A

Co-ordinated movements

58
Q

What is the arrangement called when agonist + antagonist muscles work together in pairs

A

Antagonistic muscle action

59
Q

The muscles at the front + on top of your shoulder

A

Deltoids

60
Q

The outer muscles on the front of your upper thorax

A

Pectoralis major

61
Q

The inner muscles on the front of your upper thorax

A

Pectoralis minor

62
Q

The proper name for your biceps

A

Biceps brachii

63
Q

The proper name for your triceps

A

Triceps brachii

64
Q

The muscle in front front of the hip joint

A

Iliopsaos

65
Q

The muscle down your inner thigh

A

Adductor longus

66
Q

Where is the vastus medialis located

A

In the quadriceps, above the inside of your knee

67
Q

Where is the vastus lateralis located

A

In the quadriceps, above the outside of your knee

68
Q

Where is the rectus femoris located

A

On the right side of your inner thigh

69
Q

The 2 muscles in your calf

A

Gastrocnemius + soleus

70
Q

The main calf muscle

A

Gastrocnemius

71
Q

Where is the tibialis anterior located

A

In your shin

72
Q

Where is the latissimus dorsi located

A

Across your back

73
Q

Where is the gluteus medius located

A

Above + inside your gluteus maximus

74
Q

Where are the biceps femoris located

A

In the outside of your hamstrings

75
Q

Where is the semitendinosus located

A

In the middle of your hamstrings

76
Q

Where is the semimembranosus located

A

On the inside of your hamstrings

77
Q

The agonist for elbow flexion

A

Biceps

78
Q

The antagonist of elbow flexion

A

Triceps

79
Q

The agonist of elbow extension

A

Triceps

80
Q

The antagonist of elbow extension

A

Biceps

81
Q

The agonist of ankle plantar-flexion

A

Gastrocnemius

82
Q

The antagonists of ankle plantar-flexion

A

Tibialis anterior

83
Q

The agonist of ankle dorsi-flexion

A

Tibialis anterior

84
Q

The antagonist of ankle dorsi-flexion

A

Gastrocnemius

85
Q

The antagonist of knee flexion

A

Quadriceps

86
Q

The agonist of knee flexion

A

Hamstrings

87
Q

The muscles of the quadriceps

A

Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius

88
Q

Muscles of the hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus

89
Q

The agonist of knee extension

A

Quadriceps

90
Q

The antagonist of knee extension

A

Hamstrings

91
Q

The agonist of hip flexion

A

The iliopsaos (hip flexors)

92
Q

The antagonists of hip flexion

A

Gluteals

93
Q

The agonists of hip extension/hyper-extension

A

Gluteals

94
Q

The antagonist of hip extension/hyper-extension

A

Hip flexors (iliopsaos)

95
Q

The agonists of hip adduction

A

The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)

96
Q

The antagonists of hip adduction

A

Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus

97
Q

The agonists of hip abduction

A

Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus

98
Q

The antagonists of hip abduction

A

The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)

99
Q

The agonists of hip horizontal adduction

A

The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)

100
Q

The antagonists of hip horizontal adduction

A

Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus

101
Q

The agonists of hip horizontal abduction

A

Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus

102
Q

The antagonists of hip horizontal abduction

A

The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)

103
Q

The agonist of shoulder flexion

A

Anterior deltoid

104
Q

The antagonist of shoulder flexion

A

Latissimus dorsi

105
Q

The agonist of shoulder extension/hyper-extension

A

Latissimus dorsi

106
Q

The antagonist of shoulder extension/hyper-extension

A

Anterior deltoid

107
Q

The agonist of shoulder horizontal abduction

A

Latissimus dorsi

108
Q

The antagonists of shoulder horizontal abduction

A

Pectorals

109
Q

The agonists of shoulder horizontal adduction

A

Pectorals

110
Q

The antagonist of shoulder horizontal adduction

A

Latissimus dorsi

111
Q

The agonists of shoulder adduction

A

Posterior deltoid + latissimus dorsi

112
Q

The antagonists of shoulder adduction

A

Middle deltoid + supraspinatus

113
Q

The agonists of shoulder abduction

A

Middle deltoid + supraspinatus

114
Q

The antagonists of shoulder abduction

A

Posterior deltoid + latissimus dorsi

115
Q

What determines the way in which a muscle contracts

A

The type of muscle action that’s required

116
Q

The 2 main types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic + isometric

117
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

When a muscle contracts to create movement

118
Q

Isometric contraction

A

When a muscle contracts without resulting in movement

119
Q

Type of isotonic contraction

A

Concentric + eccentric contraction

120
Q

Concentric contraction

A

When the muscle shortens as the fibres contract (+ tension increases)

121
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

When the fibres contract (+ tension increases) + the muscle lengthens

122
Q

An example of concentric contraction

A

During the upward phase of an arm curl - the bicep contracts concentrically - it shortens - causes flexion of elbow

123
Q

When eccentric contraction occurs

A

It acts as a brake in helping to control body movement during negative work

124
Q

An example of eccentric contraction

A

When the quadriceps contract when landing from a standing jump - they perform -ve work - they support your body weight during landing - the quads can’t relax as your body weight means they lengthen under tension

125
Q

When isometric contraction occurs

A

When as muscle = acting as a fixator or against resistance

126
Q

An example of isometric contraction

A

The crucifix position in gymnastics

127
Q

How you can use a bicep curl to show all 3 types of contraction

A

The bicep concentrically contracts during the upward phase - causes elbow flexion, The bicep eccentrically contracts during the downward phase as it is lengthening but still under tension - not relaxing, When the weight is held still at a 90 degree angle - the bicep = contracting isometrically - as tension = occurring but there’s no movement

pe (30 decks)

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