1.4 Flashcards
Why joints are necessary
To join the skeleton together + allow muscles to lever bones to create movement
The names of the sections of the vertebrae from top to bottom
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum + the coccyx
The name of the shoulder blades
Scapula
The name of the collar bone
Clavicle
The name of the skull
Cranium
The larger bone in the leg below the knee
Tibia
The smaller bone of the leg below the knee
Fibula
The names of the bones of the hand starting with those of the wrist + moving further away
Carpals, metacarpals + phalanges
The names of the bones of the feet starting with those of the ankles + moving further away
Talus, tarsals, metatarsals + phalanges
The mandible
The jaw bone
The ischium
The 2 curved bones at the bottom of the pelvis
What is a joint
Where 2 or more bones meet
How joints are classified
By how much movement they allow
3 main types of joints
Fibrous/fixed joints, cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints + synovial/freely moveable joints
Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket + hinge
What type of joint is the ankle
A hinge joint
What does articulating bones mean
The bones that meet + move at the joint
The movement allowed by ball and socket joints
Movement in every direction
The structure of a ball + socket joint
The round head of 1 bone fits into the cup-shaped capsule of the connecting bone
The articulating bones of the hip
The femur + pelvis
The articulating bones of the shoulder
The humerus + scapula
The movement allowed at a hinge joint
Movement only in one direction
What restricts the movement at hinge joints
The shape of the bones making up the joint
The articulating bones of the ankle
The talus, tibia + fibula
The articulating bones of the elbow
The humerus, radius + ulna
The articulating bones of the knee
The femur + tibia
What are planes of movement
Imaginary lines running through the body which divide the body up into planes
What is the point in planes of movement
They help explain joint action
The 3 planes of the body
The sagittal, frontal + transverse plane
The sagittal plane
A vertical plane which divides the body into left + right halves
The frontal plane
A vertical plane which divides the body into front + back halves
The transverse plane
A horizontal plane which divides the body into upper + lower halves
How the idea of planes of movement helps explain joint action
When performing an activity, a body/body parts moves in 1 of the planes or in all 3 of them depending on the action being performed
An example of a movement which makes the performer move in all 3 planes
A full twisting somersault in gymnastics
Axes of movement
Imaginary axis running through the body about which rotation occurs - helps explain joint action
Transverse axis
A horizontal axis of movement that runs from side to side across the body
Sagittal axis
A horizontal axis of movement which runs from front to back
Longitudinal axis
A vertical axis of movement which runs from top to bottom
Types of joint movement which occur in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis
Flexion, extension, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion + hyper-extension
Types of joint movement which occur in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis
Abduction + adduction
Types of joint movement which occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis
Horizontal abduction + horizontal adduction
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
Extension
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
Plantar-flexion
Pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes
Dorsi-flexion
Pulling the toes up to the shin
Hyper-extension
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint beyond 180 degrees e.g. moving a leg behind its standing position = hyper-extension of the hip or moving your arm behind your body = hyper-extension of the shoulder
Flexion of the shoulder
Raising the arms forward
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm from your side forwards across the body at 90 degrees to a position of shoulder abduction
How muscles move bones when they contract
One end of the muscle is anchored in place + the other end pulls the bone causing movement
The anchor point of the bicep
On the scapula
The insertion point of the bicep
On the radius
Agonists
Muscles which are responsible for the movement that’s occurring at that moment in time
Antagonists
Muscles which work in opposition to the agonist (the one that’s relaxing + lengthening at that moment in time)
What do antagonists help to produce
Co-ordinated movements
What is the arrangement called when agonist + antagonist muscles work together in pairs
Antagonistic muscle action
The muscles at the front + on top of your shoulder
Deltoids
The outer muscles on the front of your upper thorax
Pectoralis major
The inner muscles on the front of your upper thorax
Pectoralis minor
The proper name for your biceps
Biceps brachii
The proper name for your triceps
Triceps brachii
The muscle in front front of the hip joint
Iliopsaos
The muscle down your inner thigh
Adductor longus
Where is the vastus medialis located
In the quadriceps, above the inside of your knee
Where is the vastus lateralis located
In the quadriceps, above the outside of your knee
Where is the rectus femoris located
On the right side of your inner thigh
The 2 muscles in your calf
Gastrocnemius + soleus
The main calf muscle
Gastrocnemius
Where is the tibialis anterior located
In your shin
Where is the latissimus dorsi located
Across your back
Where is the gluteus medius located
Above + inside your gluteus maximus
Where are the biceps femoris located
In the outside of your hamstrings
Where is the semitendinosus located
In the middle of your hamstrings
Where is the semimembranosus located
On the inside of your hamstrings
The agonist for elbow flexion
Biceps
The antagonist of elbow flexion
Triceps
The agonist of elbow extension
Triceps
The antagonist of elbow extension
Biceps
The agonist of ankle plantar-flexion
Gastrocnemius
The antagonists of ankle plantar-flexion
Tibialis anterior
The agonist of ankle dorsi-flexion
Tibialis anterior
The antagonist of ankle dorsi-flexion
Gastrocnemius
The antagonist of knee flexion
Quadriceps
The agonist of knee flexion
Hamstrings
The muscles of the quadriceps
Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
Muscles of the hamstrings
Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
The agonist of knee extension
Quadriceps
The antagonist of knee extension
Hamstrings
The agonist of hip flexion
The iliopsaos (hip flexors)
The antagonists of hip flexion
Gluteals
The agonists of hip extension/hyper-extension
Gluteals
The antagonist of hip extension/hyper-extension
Hip flexors (iliopsaos)
The agonists of hip adduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
The antagonists of hip adduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
The agonists of hip abduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
The antagonists of hip abduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
The agonists of hip horizontal adduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
The antagonists of hip horizontal adduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
The agonists of hip horizontal abduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
The antagonists of hip horizontal abduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
The agonist of shoulder flexion
Anterior deltoid
The antagonist of shoulder flexion
Latissimus dorsi
The agonist of shoulder extension/hyper-extension
Latissimus dorsi
The antagonist of shoulder extension/hyper-extension
Anterior deltoid
The agonist of shoulder horizontal abduction
Latissimus dorsi
The antagonists of shoulder horizontal abduction
Pectorals
The agonists of shoulder horizontal adduction
Pectorals
The antagonist of shoulder horizontal adduction
Latissimus dorsi
The agonists of shoulder adduction
Posterior deltoid + latissimus dorsi
The antagonists of shoulder adduction
Middle deltoid + supraspinatus
The agonists of shoulder abduction
Middle deltoid + supraspinatus
The antagonists of shoulder abduction
Posterior deltoid + latissimus dorsi
What determines the way in which a muscle contracts
The type of muscle action that’s required
The 2 main types of muscle contraction
Isotonic + isometric
Isotonic contraction
When a muscle contracts to create movement
Isometric contraction
When a muscle contracts without resulting in movement
Type of isotonic contraction
Concentric + eccentric contraction
Concentric contraction
When the muscle shortens as the fibres contract (+ tension increases)
Eccentric contraction
When the fibres contract (+ tension increases) + the muscle lengthens
An example of concentric contraction
During the upward phase of an arm curl - the bicep contracts concentrically - it shortens - causes flexion of elbow
When eccentric contraction occurs
It acts as a brake in helping to control body movement during negative work
An example of eccentric contraction
When the quadriceps contract when landing from a standing jump - they perform -ve work - they support your body weight during landing - the quads can’t relax as your body weight means they lengthen under tension
When isometric contraction occurs
When as muscle = acting as a fixator or against resistance
An example of isometric contraction
The crucifix position in gymnastics
How you can use a bicep curl to show all 3 types of contraction
The bicep concentrically contracts during the upward phase - causes elbow flexion, The bicep eccentrically contracts during the downward phase as it is lengthening but still under tension - not relaxing, When the weight is held still at a 90 degree angle - the bicep = contracting isometrically - as tension = occurring but there’s no movement
