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1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The reason why our bodies require a continuous supply of oxygen

A

To break down food to release energy (respiration)

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2
Q

The gaseous waste product of respiration

A

CO2

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3
Q

The main components/features of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation, External Respiration, Transport of gases, Internal respiration, Cellular respiration

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4
Q

Ventilation definition

A

Getting air into and out of the lungs

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5
Q

External respiration definition

A

Gaseous exchange between the lungs + blood

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6
Q

Internal respiration definition

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries + the body cells

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The metabolic reactions + processes that occur in a cell to obtain energy from fuels like glucose

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8
Q

The passage of air through the respiratory system (from the outside)

A

Nostrils/nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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9
Q

What occurs at the alveoli

A

External respiration via diffusion

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to an area of low concentration/partial pressure

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11
Q

How the structure of alveoli aids diffusion

A

The thin walls are one cell thick - means a short diffusion pathway - there’s only 2 layers for the oxygen to pass through to reach the blood,They’re surrounded by an extensive capillary network - increases blood supply, A large surface area due to millions of them - increases rate of diffusion of oxygen

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12
Q

What does a greater concentration gradient do to the rate of diffusion

A

It increases it

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13
Q

How air is drawn into the lungs during inspiration

A

The pressure in the lungs is decreased as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases due to the contraction/relaxation of muscles

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14
Q

How air is forced out of the lungs in expiration

A

The pressure within the lungs increases as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases due to the contraction/relaxation of muscles

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15
Q

Muscles which contract during inspiration at rest (inspiratory muscles)

A

Diaphragm + external intercostals

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16
Q

Muscles which contract during inspiration during exercise

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes + pectoralis major

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17
Q

The type of process of expiration at rest

A

Passive

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18
Q

Muscles which relax during expiration

A

Diaphragm + external intercostals

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19
Q

Muscles which contract when you expire during exercise

A

Internal intercostals + abdominals

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20
Q

The movement of the diaphragm during inspiration

A

It contracts - so is pulled flat

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21
Q

The movement of the diaphragm during expiration

A

It relaxes - so rises to a dome-shaped position

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22
Q

The movement of the ribcage during inspiration

A

It moves upwards + outwards

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23
Q

The movement of the ribcage during expiration

A

It falls (moves inwards + downwards)

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24
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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25
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
26
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
27
Residual volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
28
Minute ventilation
The volume of air breathed in or out per minute
29
Expiration
Moving air out of the lungs
30
Inspiration
Taking air into the lungs
31
The effect of exercise on tidal volume
It increases it
32
Why there is always a residual reserve volume
There's always some air in the alveoli, bronchi + trachea which are permanently held open
33
The effect of exercise on IRV
It decreases it
34
The effect of exercise on ERV
It slightly decreases it
35
The effect of exercise on minute ventilation
It increases it by a lot
36
The effect of exercise on residual volume
There's no effect
37
A spirometer
A device used to measure the volume of air inspired + expired by the lungs
38
Spirometer trace
A chart produced by measurements from a spirometer
39
Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases
40
The main examples of gaseous exchange in the respiratory system
Getting oxygen into the lungs so it can diffuse into the blood for transportation to body cells + the removal of CO2 from the blood
41
The main terms used when describing gaseous exchange
Partial pressure + diffusion
42
The partial pressures of oxygen in different parts of the respiratory system and why they're in that order
Highest in the air, then get progressively lower as it moves from the alveoli to the blood + then to body cells (tissues) as gases flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
43
Concentration/diffusion gradient
It's the difference between partial pressures
44
What does the concentration gradient explain
How gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
45
Why the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary blood vessels is lower than that of the alveoli
Oxygen is removed from the blood in the capillaries by working muscles
46
The diffusion pathway of oxygen
Alveoli then blood then muscles
47
The diffusion pathway of CO2
Muscles then blood then alveoli
48
Diffusion occurs until...
The pressures of the gases are even so equilibrium is reached
49
The partial pressure of CO2 in the blood entering the alveolar capillaries compared to that of the alveoli
The blood in the alveolar capillaries has a higher partial pressure of CO2 than that of the alveoli
50
The 3 factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation
Neural, chemical + hormonal control
51
Pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
52
Neural control involves...
The brain + nervous system
53
Chemical control is concerned with...
Blood acidity
54
How the neural + chemical control systems work together to regulate breathing
When blood acidity (CO2 concentration) is high in the blood, the medulla oblongata is stimulated + sends impulses through the nervous system to increase breathing
55
The 2 systems of the nervous system which control breathing
Sympathetic + parasympathetic
56
The effect of the sympathetic nervous system on breathing
It prepares your body for exercise by increasing breathing rate
57
The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on breathing
It decreases breathing rate
58
Why the 2 nervous systems cause opposite effects
They use different activating chemicals
59
Where the respiratory centre is located
In the medulla oblongata
60
What the medulla oblongata controls in relation to breathing
Depth + rate of breathing
61
The control systems used by the medulla oblongata to control breathing
The neural + chemical control systems
62
The 2 main areas of the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata
Inspiratory + expiratory centre
63
The role of the inspiratory centre of the medulla oblongata
It controls inspiration + expiration
64
The role of the expiratory centre of the medulla oblongata
Stimulating the expiratory muscles during exercise
65
How the inspiratory centre works
It sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm + external intercostals) + causes them to contract - they're stimulated for about 2 seconds + then the impulses stop to allow passive expiration to occur due to the elastic recoil of the lungs
66
What the respiratory centre responds to
Impulses sent by receptors
67
Why the blood becomes acidic during exercise
There's an increase in lactic acid production + the plasma concentration of CO2
68
How changes in blood acidity are detected
By using chemoreceptors
69
Where chemoreceptors are found
In the carotid artery + aortic arch
70
How chemoreceptors respond to an increase in blood acidity
They send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until blood acidity returns to normal.
71
How the expiratory centre works
It sends impulses down the intercostal nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles - causes an increase it rate, depth + rhythm of breathing
72
Muscles stimulated by the expiratory centre
The sternocleidomastoid, scalenes + pectoralis minor
73
The different receptors involved in control of breathing
Baroreceptors, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors + stretch receptors
74
The type of receptor which sends impulses to the expiratory centre
Stretch receptors
75
The types of receptors which send impulses to the inspiratory centre
Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors + proprioceptors
76
What are proprioceptors
Sensory receptors which detect movement
77
Where are proprioceptors located
In joints + muscles
78
What do baroreceptors detect
A decrease in blood pressure during exercise
79
Where are baroreceptors found
In the aorta + carotid arteries
80
What do stretch receptors prevent
Over-inflation of the lungs
81
How exercise affects the amount by which the lungs are stretched
It increases it
82
How do the stretch receptors prevent over inflation of the lungs
They send impulses to the expiratory centre to stimulate the expiratory muscles so expiration occurs
83
The hormone involved in hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation
Adrenaline
84
What type of hormone is adrenaline
A stimulant
85
Where is adrenaline made
The adrenal gland in the kidneys
86
What stimulates the release of adrenaline
Impulses from the brain during exercise and in anticipation of exercise (the increased need for oxygen + removal of CO2)
87
The physical effect of the release of adrenaline in anticipation of exercise
Increased breathing rate
88
The effect of smoking on the trachea + bronchi
Causes irritation
89
How smoking leads to a smokers cough
Smoke damages the ciliated cells lining the trachea, bronchi + bronchioles + the cilia on them which prevents them being able to push mucus out of the lungs - causes excess mucus in lung passages so smokers cough to try to remove the mucus from their lungs
90
Cells which have cilia on their surfaces
Ciliated cells
91
What are cilia
Microscopic, hair-like projections
92
The role of cilia
To sweep away fluids and particles
93
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
A chronic + debilitating disease + covers a collection of disease
94
An example of a COPD disease
Emphysema
95
The main cause of emphysema
Smoking
96
What is emphysema
A long-term progressive disease of the lungs
97
A symptom of emphysema
Shortness of breath
98
How smoking damages alveoli
It causes the walls of the alveoli to break down so the alveoli join together - forms larger air space - reduces efficiency of gas exchange - increases the risk of COPD
99
How smoking affects oxygen transport
Carbon monoxide from smoke combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells more readily than oxygen - reducing the blood's oxygen carrying capacity - causing breathlessness

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