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1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The reason why our bodies require a continuous supply of oxygen

A

To break down food to release energy (respiration)

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2
Q

The gaseous waste product of respiration

A

CO2

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3
Q

The main components/features of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation, External Respiration, Transport of gases, Internal respiration, Cellular respiration

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4
Q

Ventilation definition

A

Getting air into and out of the lungs

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5
Q

External respiration definition

A

Gaseous exchange between the lungs + blood

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6
Q

Internal respiration definition

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries + the body cells

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The metabolic reactions + processes that occur in a cell to obtain energy from fuels like glucose

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8
Q

The passage of air through the respiratory system (from the outside)

A

Nostrils/nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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9
Q

What occurs at the alveoli

A

External respiration via diffusion

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to an area of low concentration/partial pressure

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11
Q

How the structure of alveoli aids diffusion

A

The thin walls are one cell thick - means a short diffusion pathway - there’s only 2 layers for the oxygen to pass through to reach the blood,They’re surrounded by an extensive capillary network - increases blood supply, A large surface area due to millions of them - increases rate of diffusion of oxygen

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12
Q

What does a greater concentration gradient do to the rate of diffusion

A

It increases it

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13
Q

How air is drawn into the lungs during inspiration

A

The pressure in the lungs is decreased as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases due to the contraction/relaxation of muscles

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14
Q

How air is forced out of the lungs in expiration

A

The pressure within the lungs increases as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases due to the contraction/relaxation of muscles

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15
Q

Muscles which contract during inspiration at rest (inspiratory muscles)

A

Diaphragm + external intercostals

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16
Q

Muscles which contract during inspiration during exercise

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes + pectoralis major

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17
Q

The type of process of expiration at rest

A

Passive

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18
Q

Muscles which relax during expiration

A

Diaphragm + external intercostals

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19
Q

Muscles which contract when you expire during exercise

A

Internal intercostals + abdominals

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20
Q

The movement of the diaphragm during inspiration

A

It contracts - so is pulled flat

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21
Q

The movement of the diaphragm during expiration

A

It relaxes - so rises to a dome-shaped position

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22
Q

The movement of the ribcage during inspiration

A

It moves upwards + outwards

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23
Q

The movement of the ribcage during expiration

A

It falls (moves inwards + downwards)

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24
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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25
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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26
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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27
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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28
Q

Minute ventilation

A

The volume of air breathed in or out per minute

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29
Q

Expiration

A

Moving air out of the lungs

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30
Q

Inspiration

A

Taking air into the lungs

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31
Q

The effect of exercise on tidal volume

A

It increases it

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32
Q

Why there is always a residual reserve volume

A

There’s always some air in the alveoli, bronchi + trachea which are permanently held open

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33
Q

The effect of exercise on IRV

A

It decreases it

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34
Q

The effect of exercise on ERV

A

It slightly decreases it

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35
Q

The effect of exercise on minute ventilation

A

It increases it by a lot

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36
Q

The effect of exercise on residual volume

A

There’s no effect

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37
Q

A spirometer

A

A device used to measure the volume of air inspired + expired by the lungs

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38
Q

Spirometer trace

A

A chart produced by measurements from a spirometer

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39
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

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40
Q

The main examples of gaseous exchange in the respiratory system

A

Getting oxygen into the lungs so it can diffuse into the blood for transportation to body cells + the removal of CO2 from the blood

41
Q

The main terms used when describing gaseous exchange

A

Partial pressure + diffusion

42
Q

The partial pressures of oxygen in different parts of the respiratory system and why they’re in that order

A

Highest in the air, then get progressively lower as it moves from the alveoli to the blood + then to body cells (tissues) as gases flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

43
Q

Concentration/diffusion gradient

A

It’s the difference between partial pressures

44
Q

What does the concentration gradient explain

A

How gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

45
Q

Why the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary blood vessels is lower than that of the alveoli

A

Oxygen is removed from the blood in the capillaries by working muscles

46
Q

The diffusion pathway of oxygen

A

Alveoli then blood then muscles

47
Q

The diffusion pathway of CO2

A

Muscles then blood then alveoli

48
Q

Diffusion occurs until…

A

The pressures of the gases are even so equilibrium is reached

49
Q

The partial pressure of CO2 in the blood entering the alveolar capillaries compared to that of the alveoli

A

The blood in the alveolar capillaries has a higher partial pressure of CO2 than that of the alveoli

50
Q

The 3 factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation

A

Neural, chemical + hormonal control

51
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

52
Q

Neural control involves…

A

The brain + nervous system

53
Q

Chemical control is concerned with…

A

Blood acidity

54
Q

How the neural + chemical control systems work together to regulate breathing

A

When blood acidity (CO2 concentration) is high in the blood, the medulla oblongata is stimulated + sends impulses through the nervous system to increase breathing

55
Q

The 2 systems of the nervous system which control breathing

A

Sympathetic + parasympathetic

56
Q

The effect of the sympathetic nervous system on breathing

A

It prepares your body for exercise by increasing breathing rate

57
Q

The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on breathing

A

It decreases breathing rate

58
Q

Why the 2 nervous systems cause opposite effects

A

They use different activating chemicals

59
Q

Where the respiratory centre is located

A

In the medulla oblongata

60
Q

What the medulla oblongata controls in relation to breathing

A

Depth + rate of breathing

61
Q

The control systems used by the medulla oblongata to control breathing

A

The neural + chemical control systems

62
Q

The 2 main areas of the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata

A

Inspiratory + expiratory centre

63
Q

The role of the inspiratory centre of the medulla oblongata

A

It controls inspiration + expiration

64
Q

The role of the expiratory centre of the medulla oblongata

A

Stimulating the expiratory muscles during exercise

65
Q

How the inspiratory centre works

A

It sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm + external intercostals) + causes them to contract - they’re stimulated for about 2 seconds + then the impulses stop to allow passive expiration to occur due to the elastic recoil of the lungs

66
Q

What the respiratory centre responds to

A

Impulses sent by receptors

67
Q

Why the blood becomes acidic during exercise

A

There’s an increase in lactic acid production + the plasma concentration of CO2

68
Q

How changes in blood acidity are detected

A

By using chemoreceptors

69
Q

Where chemoreceptors are found

A

In the carotid artery + aortic arch

70
Q

How chemoreceptors respond to an increase in blood acidity

A

They send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until blood acidity returns to normal.

71
Q

How the expiratory centre works

A

It sends impulses down the intercostal nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles - causes an increase it rate, depth + rhythm of breathing

72
Q

Muscles stimulated by the expiratory centre

A

The sternocleidomastoid, scalenes + pectoralis minor

73
Q

The different receptors involved in control of breathing

A

Baroreceptors, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors + stretch receptors

74
Q

The type of receptor which sends impulses to the expiratory centre

A

Stretch receptors

75
Q

The types of receptors which send impulses to the inspiratory centre

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors + proprioceptors

76
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Sensory receptors which detect movement

77
Q

Where are proprioceptors located

A

In joints + muscles

78
Q

What do baroreceptors detect

A

A decrease in blood pressure during exercise

79
Q

Where are baroreceptors found

A

In the aorta + carotid arteries

80
Q

What do stretch receptors prevent

A

Over-inflation of the lungs

81
Q

How exercise affects the amount by which the lungs are stretched

A

It increases it

82
Q

How do the stretch receptors prevent over inflation of the lungs

A

They send impulses to the expiratory centre to stimulate the expiratory muscles so expiration occurs

83
Q

The hormone involved in hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation

A

Adrenaline

84
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline

A

A stimulant

85
Q

Where is adrenaline made

A

The adrenal gland in the kidneys

86
Q

What stimulates the release of adrenaline

A

Impulses from the brain during exercise and in anticipation of exercise (the increased need for oxygen + removal of CO2)

87
Q

The physical effect of the release of adrenaline in anticipation of exercise

A

Increased breathing rate

88
Q

The effect of smoking on the trachea + bronchi

A

Causes irritation

89
Q

How smoking leads to a smokers cough

A

Smoke damages the ciliated cells lining the trachea, bronchi + bronchioles + the cilia on them which prevents them being able to push mucus out of the lungs - causes excess mucus in lung passages so smokers cough to try to remove the mucus from their lungs

90
Q

Cells which have cilia on their surfaces

A

Ciliated cells

91
Q

What are cilia

A

Microscopic, hair-like projections

92
Q

The role of cilia

A

To sweep away fluids and particles

93
Q

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A

A chronic + debilitating disease + covers a collection of disease

94
Q

An example of a COPD disease

A

Emphysema

95
Q

The main cause of emphysema

A

Smoking

96
Q

What is emphysema

A

A long-term progressive disease of the lungs

97
Q

A symptom of emphysema

A

Shortness of breath

98
Q

How smoking damages alveoli

A

It causes the walls of the alveoli to break down so the alveoli join together - forms larger air space - reduces efficiency of gas exchange - increases the risk of COPD

99
Q

How smoking affects oxygen transport

A

Carbon monoxide from smoke combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells more readily than oxygen - reducing the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity - causing breathlessness

pe (30 decks)

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