3: Cardiac Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common structural birth defect

A

Congenital heart abnormality

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2
Q

Most common congenital heart disease**

A

VSD

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3
Q

General presentation of left->right vs right->left shunts

A

LtR: initially asymptomatic
RtL: cyanotic and symptomatic bc blood bypasses pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

Three left to right shunts

A
  1. ASD
  2. VSD
  3. PDA
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5
Q

Three right to left shunts

A
  1. tetralogy of fallot
  2. Transposition of great arteries
  3. Tricuspid atresia
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6
Q

Mortality of ASD and why

A

Low, bc most smaller defects spontaneously close

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7
Q

What % of small VSDs close spontaneously

A

50-75%

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8
Q

What congenital heart defect causes increased pulmonary pressure and can cause pulmonary HTN?

A

PDA

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9
Q

Most common cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

Tetralogy of fallot

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10
Q

Paradoxical embolism

A

Embolism in an individual that normally would only go to lungs but ended up elsewhere due to a heart defect

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11
Q

Where would a paradoxical embolism end up if a pt has PDA?

A

Lower body

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12
Q

Most common genetic cause of congenital heart disease

A

Down syndrome

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13
Q

Physiologic mechanism of cor pulmonale

A

Poorly functioning alveolus -> hypoxia -> increased lung pressure -> increased right heart pressure

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14
Q

Most common valve abnormality

A

Calcification aortic stenosis

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15
Q

Timeline of death in aortic stenosis once: angina, syncope, and CHF develop

A

Angina: die in 5 years
Syncope: die in 3 years
CHF: die in 2 years

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16
Q

Three most common valves affected (in order) in rheumatic heart disease**

A

MAT: mitral -> aortic -> tricuspid

17
Q

Which two bacterial can cause early (<2 months) prosthetic valve infection once in the body? (Infective endocarditis)

A

Staph aureus, staph epidermidis

18
Q

In carcinoid heart disease, why do lesions only occur on the right side?

A

Left side protected by pulmonary vascular degradation of mediators

19
Q

Major risk in a mechanical valve vs tissue valve (bioprosthetic)

A

Mechanical: thromboembolism

Tissue valve: mechanical failure (tearing, incompetence)

20
Q

Definition of cardiomyopathy

A

Heart is structurally and functionally abnormal with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction in the absence of CAD, HTN, valvular disease, and congenital heart disease