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Finals Revision > 25/05/2021 > Flashcards

25/05/2021 Flashcards

1
Q

Which drugs can cause tinnitus?

A

Aspirin and other NSAIDs

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2
Q

when you see thymoma think

A

myasthenia gravis

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3
Q

what is a thymoma

A

most common tumour of anterior mediastinum

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4
Q

what are thymomas associated with

A

myasthenia gravis
red cell aplasia
dermatomyositis
also: SLE, SIADH

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5
Q

which drugs cause hypercalcaemia and hypocalciuria?

A

bendroflumethazide

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6
Q

adverse effects of thiazide diuretics

A 
common
> dehydration
> postural hypotension
> hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, hypercalcaemia
> gout
> impaired glucose tolerance
> impotence
rare
> thrombocytopenia
> agranulocytosis
> photosensitivity rash
> pancreatitis
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7
Q

which antibiotics have to be avoided in pregnancy

A

> tetracyclines
aminoglycosides
sulphonamides and >trimethoprim
quinolones

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8
Q

which drugs (other than antibiotics) have to be avoided in pregnancy

A 
ACE inhibitors
AIIRB
statins
warfarin
sulfonylureas
retinoids 
cytotoxic agents
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9
Q

presentation of hodgkins lymphoma

A

neck mass due to lymphadenopathy - painful on alcohol consumption

night sweats

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10
Q

characterisation of HL

A

normocytic anaemia, eosinophilia
LDH high
reed-stenberg

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11
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

abnormally large drop in BP during inspiration

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12
Q

sigmoid volvulus management

A

rigid sigmoidoscopy with rectal tube insertion

UNLESS symptoms of peritonitis then go for urgent midline laparotomy

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13
Q

HRT in woman with a uterus

A

oestrogen combined with a progesterone

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14
Q

HRT in woman without a uterus

A

oestrogen-only therapy

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15
Q

HRT if LMP <1 year ago

A

cyclical HRT

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16
Q

continuous combined HRT

A

> taken cyclical combined for at least 1 year
OR
it has been at least 1 year since their LMP
OR
it has been at least 2 years since their LMP, if they had premature menopause (menopause below the age of 40)

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17
Q

meigs syndrome

A

benign ovarian tumour- usually a fibroma associated with ascites and pleural effusion

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18
Q

most common benign ovarian tumour in women under the age of 25

A

dermoid cyst (teratoma)

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19
Q

most common cause of ovarian enlargement in a women of reproductive age

A

follicular cyst

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20
Q

BMD presentation

A

> develops after the age of 10 years

> intellectual impairment much less common

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21
Q

diagnostic investigation for sbo

A

CT abdo

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22
Q

median nerve motor supply in hand

A 
LOAF
> lateral 2 umbricals
> opponens pollicis
> abductor pollicis brevis
> flexor pollicis brevis
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23
Q

hand sensation median nerve

A

> Over thumb and lateral 2 ½ fingers
On the palmar aspect this projects proximally, on the dorsal aspect only the distal regions are innervated with the radial nerve providing the more proximal cutaneous innervation.

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24
Q

median nerve forearm innervation

A 
>Pronator teres
>Flexor carpi radialis
>Palmaris longus
>Flexor digitorum superficialis
>Flexor pollicis longus
>Flexor digitorum profundus (only the radial half)
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25
Q

side effects of EPO

A

> accelerated hypertension potentially leading to encephalopathy and seizures (blood pressure increases in 25% of patients)

> bone aches
flu-like symptoms
skin rashes, urticaria
pure red cell aplasia* (due to antibodies against erythropoietin)
raised PCV increases risk of thrombosis (e.g. Fistula)
iron deficiency 2nd to increased erythropoiesis

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26
Q

failure to respond to epo

A 
> iron deficiency
> inadequate dose
> concurrent 
> infection/inflammation
> hyperparathyroid bone disease
> aluminium toxicity
27
Q

adrenaline dose ALS

A

1mg

28
Q

reversible causes of cardiac arrest

A 
H's
> hypoxia
> hypovolaemia
> hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia
> hypothermia
T's
> thrombosis 
> tension pneumothorax
> tamponade
> toxins
29
Q

Patients with chronic urinary retention should be …

A

taught intermittent self catheterisation before a long term catheter is offered.

30
Q

strawberry cervix

A

trichomonas

31
Q

management of BV

A

oral metronidazole for 5-7 days

32
Q

dopamine and galactorrhoea

A

Dopamine acts as the primary prolactin releasing inhibitory factor and hence dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine may be used to control galactorrhoea.

33
Q

features of excess prolactin

A

men: impotence, loss of libido, galactorrhoea
women: amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea

34
Q

causes of raised prolactin

A 
> prolactinoma
> pregnancy
> oestrogens
> physiological: stress, exercise, sleep
> acromegaly: 1/3 of patients
> polycystic ovarian syndrome
> primary hypothyroidism (due to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulating prolactin release)
35
Q

drug causes of raised prolactin

A

> metoclopramide, >domperidone
phenothiazines
haloperidol
very rare: SSRIs, opioids

36
Q

Patients using methotrexate require effective contraception during and for at least ______ after treatment in men or women

A

6 months

37
Q

acne vulgaris in pregnancy

A

oral erythromycin if treatment needed

38
Q

productive cough, haemoptysis, and vague abdominal pain for the past 2 weeks.

Chest X-ray shows multiple large, round, well-circumscribed masses in both lungs

A

cannonball mets

renal cell carcinoma

39
Q

causes of hyperkalaemia

A 
> acute kidney injury
> drugs*: potassium sparing > diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin 2 receptor blockers, spironolactone, ciclosporin, heparin**
> metabolic acidosis
> Addison's disease
> rhabdomyolysis
> massive blood transfusion
40
Q

CURB 65 parameters

A

C= Confusion (abbreviated mental test score <= 8/10)

R= Respiration rate >=30/min
B= Blood pressure: systolic <= 90 mmHg and/or diastolic <= 60 mmHg

65 Aged >= 65 years

41
Q

presentation of anastamotic leak

A

days 5-7

fast AF

42
Q

Children and young people with unexplained bone swelling or pain

A

very urgent direct access X-ray to assess for bone sarcoma

43
Q

treatment of diarrhoea in IBS

A

loperamide

44
Q

mammary duct ectasia

A

> Dilatation of the large breast ducts
around the menopause
tender lump around the areola +/- a green nipple discharge

45
Q

inflammation, sometimes referred to as ‘plasma cell mastitis’

A

mammary duct ectasia rupture

46
Q

diagnostic test for OSA

A

polysomnography

47
Q

Spirometry shows a restrictive picture with reduced transfer factor and coefficient.

A

IPF

48
Q

AOM with perforation

A

oral antibiotics

49
Q

life long ban on deep sea diving

A

pneumothorax

50
Q

Cervical cancer screening: if 2nd repeat smear at 24 months is still hrHPV +ve →

A

colposcopy

51
Q

FEV1

A

ability to exhale as much as you can in 1 second

52
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

COPD
Asthma
bronchitis

53
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio

A

increased = restrictive >0.7

decreased= obstructive

54
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

fibrosis

ARDS

55
Q

Obstructive pattern

A 
O= out (air)
B= below (PFTs)
S
T
R
U= upper number (numerator)
C
T

(low)FEV1/FVC

56
Q

Restrictive pattern

A 
R- inside
E - elevated (PFTs)
S
T
R
I- inferior (denominator)
C
T

(low)FEV1/(very low)FVC

57
Q

MOA of contraceptive implant

A

inhibition of ovulation

58
Q

kartageners syndrome

A

dextrocardia or situs inversus
bronchiectasis
recurrent sinusitis
subfertility

59
Q

pathogenesis of kartageners

A

dynein arm defect results in immotile cilia

60
Q

risk factors for SDLD

A 
> prematurity
> male sex
> maternal diabetes
> caesarean section
> second born of premature twins
61
Q

boas sign

A

In acute cholecystitis there is hyperaesthesia beneath the right scapula

62
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a …

A

is a gram+ve bacterium, catalase +ve, coagulase +ve organism

63
Q

Witnessed cardiac arrest while on a monitor

A

up to three successive shocks before CPR

Finals Revision (29 decks)

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