2.4 Inflammation Lec 2 Flashcards
1) Local infection leads to local?
2) systemic infection leads to?
3) with local infections, some affects are?
1) inflammation
2) systemic inflammation throughout the body; more serious
3) systemic
Acute inflammation example and cause in dentistry?
gingivitis
*part of innate immunity and usually resolves due to anti-inflammatory cytokines and development of adaptive immunity
chronic inflammation example and cause in dentistry?
periodontitis (arthritis)
*results from a failure to resolve acute inflammation
What causes meningitis?
Neisseria meningitidis • Lipooligosaccharide (version of lipopolysaccharide) is found throughout the body • Really catastrophic event
What are considered endocrine cytokines? They are increased by?
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
*increased by systemic inflammation
The endocrine cytokines cause synthesis of acute phase protein in the liver such as?
C reactive protein (CRP) Serum amyloid A Complement factors C3 and C4 Coagulation factors Haptoglobin
C reactive protein (CRP) is a great indicator of
inflammation
• Cardiologists check for this in the blood bc it is easy to measure
• Even if you don’t think you have inflammation, there is inflammation going on where plaque develops that is associated with atherosclerosis
Serum amyloid A is associated with?
fever
Complement factors associated with acute phase in liver?
C3 and C4
Example of Coagulation factor in liver?
firinogen
What is Haptoglobin?
protein produced by the liver that the body uses to clear free hemoglobin (found outside red blood cells) from circulation
The synthesis of acute phase proteins in the liver cause an increase in?
increased plasma viscosity and consequently, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
systemic inflammatory responses increase the production of _____ by the adrenal gland? Why?
cortisol
*systemic inflammation is a stressful ordeal so your body responds by ‘fight or flight’ and makes cortisol
ACTH is produced by? and increased do to?
produced by pituitary gland
increased due to systemic inflammation
fever is induced by bacterial molecules that are?
exogenous pyrogens such as LPS/endotoxin
LPS induced?
endogenous pyrogens
Ex: IL-1, IL-6, TNF from macrophage lineage cells
endogenous pyrogens trigger production of ______ from the brain vascular endothelial cells
prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) -from brain at hypothalamus
prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) acts upon the brain where? does what?
hypothalamus
*increases body temperature (acts on thermoreulatory neurons in the median preoptic nucleus region of the hypo)
thermoregulatory neurons realse? which eleveates?
Noradrenaline
*elevates body temperature by increasing thermogenesis in BROWN adipose tissue AND by inducing vasoconstriction to prevent passive heat loss
What can decrease production of PGE2, thus decreasing fever?
aspirin, ibuprofen, tylonal
slight fevers inhance defense mechansims by?
speeding up phagocytosis and antibody reactions and by slowing growth of bacteria
controlled fevers inhance the survival of?
infection; so it is good to have a low fever while sick, but you don’t want a high oneq
for every 1 degree incrase in celcius in body temp, there is a ___% increase in the matabolic rate?
10%
*this is why you lose weight when you have a long term infection
brown or white fat is better?
brown = ‘good’ fat; thermoregulatory neurons act on it to increase temp
TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are a type of?
PRR (pattern recognition receptor)
TLRs are found on? recognize?
TLRs are found on macrophages, dndritic cells and other cells that recognize PAMPs that are unique to microbes
What is PAMPs?
pathogen associated molecular pattern that is specific and unique to microbes that TLRs on WBCs recognize
TLRs engage microbial PAMPs y activating?
cytoplasmic signaling pathways that promote the inflammatory response
NLRs are? On the lookout for?
NOD-like receptor; a type of PRR present in the cytoplasms of macrophages, dendritic cells, and other cells where they recognize PAMPs that enter the cytoplasm of cells
*look for specific lipoproteins, etc
When NLRs engage PAMPs, what is activated?
cytoplasmic inflammasomes for signalling pathwasy that promote the inflammatory response
activated inflammasomes specifically convert? How do they do this? Only occurs when?
proIL-1beta to active IL-1beta
- inflammasomes can self polymerize, huge event/stucture in cytoplasm
- *only occurs when a microbe enters cytoplasm; terrible event
what is IL-1beta?
a major inflammatory cytokine
NODs are self polymerizing?
create enzyme
