1.1 Innate Immunity Lec 1 Flashcards
The immune system responds to microbial macromolecules how?
by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
The immune system responds/recognizes to microbial molecules called antigens how?
by developing effector mechanisms that recognize the antigens receptor; purpose is to limit or eliminate growth of microbe
What is the most distinctive triumph in immunology?
the development of vaccines that represent microbial antigens
What are the major groups of human pathogens?
1) viruses
2) bacteria
3) fungi
4) parasites
5) foreign proteins
common example of diseases caused by viruses?
polio, smallpox, influenza, measles, AIDS
common example of diseases caused by bacteria?
tuberculosis, tetanus, whopping cough
common example of diseases caused by fungi?
thrush, ringworm
common example of diseases caused by parasites?
malaria, leishmaniasis
define Caries
- tooth disease (spots of demineralization)
* caused by weak immune response to Streptococcus mutans
define periodontal disease
- chronic inflammatory disease of gums and alveolar bone lose
- caused by failed immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis
define endodontitis
- necrotic inflammation disease of root canal
* caused by Porphyromonas endodontalis and Enterococcus faecalis evasion
define oral thrush
- inflammatory disease of soft tissue due to immunodeficiency
- Caused by Candida albicans
The chronic inflammation associated with Periodontal disease contributes to?
atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, miscarriages, and possibly pancreatic cancer
what is the central hypothesis of immunology?
The immune systems of humans recognizes the difference between Self molecules and non-Self–molecules
what is immunological tolerance?
our immune system does not respond to our unique and specific array of complex macromolecules called SELF
what is an immune response?
When our immune systems can and must respond to complex non-self macromolecules
describe innate immunity?
- first type of immune response that develops in response to the non-self
- immediate resistance
- consists of evolved receptors that recognize and respond to dissimilar molecular patterns of microbes that we do not express
innate immunity is dependent upon?
intrinsic physical /physiological barriers, phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen (toxic) molecules, cytokines, inflammation
Intrinsic Natural barriers (5)
1) epithelium
2) mucus
3) pH
4) fatty acids
5) salt concentration
describe epithelium as an Intrinsic Natural barrier? Can produce?
Epithelium of the skin, intestine, lungs provide the LARGEST physical barrier
*epithelia can produce certain antimicrobial proteins called defensins
describe mucus as an Intrinsic Natural barrier
mucus is a complex array of polysaccharides/ proteins (glycoproteins) that traps microbes
*covers a lot of eppithelium
describe pH as an Intrinsic Natural barrier? optimum pH for microbial growth?
lower pH of skin/stomach are inhibitory to most microbes
*optimum pH ~7 for their growth
describe fatty acids as an Intrinsic Natural barrier
fatty acids of skin are inherently antimicrobial
describe salt concentration as an Intrinsic Natural barrier? exception?
salt concentration of skin cannot be tolerated by most microbes
*exception Staphlycoccusaureus
list Biologically Active antimicrobial molecules that we PRODUCE that are another aspect of innate immunity (4)
1) Lysozyme
2) Transferrin
3) Interferons
4) Defensins
Lysozyme
an enzyme present in ALL secretions that breaks down peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial
Transferrin
a protein found in blood that BINDS UP FREE IRON preventing iron uptake by bacteria thus slowing microbial growth
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial
Interferons definition
proteins secreted from virus infected cells that initiate an anti-viral response/state in surrounding cells
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial
Defensins
small peptides secreted from most cells with antimicrobial properties that kill microbes
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial molecule
5 key features of Interferons?
1) initiates an anti-viral response / state
2) interferon alpha (12) and beta (1)
3) non-specific anti-viral proteins
4) produced by white blood cells, fibroblasts, or any cell that is infected with a virus
5) induces antiviral activity in uninfected cells in part by inhibiting (reducing) cellular protein synthesis
Complement Proteins are found in high concentrations in?
blood and lymph
Complement Proteins are only activated and functional in the presence of?
microbes
What is ‘complement’?
a system of ~20 proteins which are part of extracellular molecular signaling pathway
what do complement proteins do? (6)
- promote inflammation •promote migration of leukocytes (chemotaxis)
- enhance phagocytosis (opsonization)
- directly kill bacterial cells
- inactivate viruses
- work in cooperation with or without antibody
