1.1 Innate Immunity Lec 1

Question 1

The immune system responds to microbial macromolecules how?

Answer 1

by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 2

The immune system responds/recognizes to microbial molecules called antigens how?

Answer 2

by developing effector mechanisms that recognize the antigens receptor; purpose is to limit or eliminate growth of microbe

Question 3

What is the most distinctive triumph in immunology?

Answer 3

the development of vaccines that represent microbial antigens

Question 4

What are the major groups of human pathogens?

Answer 4

1) viruses
2) bacteria
3) fungi
4) parasites
5) foreign proteins

Question 5

common example of diseases caused by viruses?

Answer 5

polio, smallpox, influenza, measles, AIDS

Question 6

common example of diseases caused by bacteria?

Answer 6

tuberculosis, tetanus, whopping cough

Question 7

common example of diseases caused by fungi?

Answer 7

thrush, ringworm

Question 8

common example of diseases caused by parasites?

Answer 8

malaria, leishmaniasis

Question 9

define Caries

Answer 9

• tooth disease (spots of demineralization)

* caused by weak immune response to Streptococcus mutans

Question 10

define periodontal disease

Answer 10

• chronic inflammatory disease of gums and alveolar bone lose
• caused by failed immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis

Question 11

define endodontitis

Answer 11

• necrotic inflammation disease of root canal

* caused by Porphyromonas endodontalis and Enterococcus faecalis evasion

Question 12

define oral thrush

Answer 12

• inflammatory disease of soft tissue due to immunodeficiency
• Caused by Candida albicans

Question 13

The chronic inflammation associated with Periodontal disease contributes to?

Answer 13

atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, miscarriages, and possibly pancreatic cancer

Question 14

what is the central hypothesis of immunology?

Answer 14

The immune systems of humans recognizes the difference between Self molecules and non-Self–molecules

Question 15

what is immunological tolerance?

Answer 15

our immune system does not respond to our unique and specific array of complex macromolecules called SELF

Question 16

what is an immune response?

Answer 16

When our immune systems can and must respond to complex non-self macromolecules

Question 17

describe innate immunity?

Answer 17

• first type of immune response that develops in response to the non-self
• immediate resistance
• consists of evolved receptors that recognize and respond to dissimilar molecular patterns of microbes that we do not express

Question 18

innate immunity is dependent upon?

Answer 18

intrinsic physical /physiological barriers, phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen (toxic) molecules, cytokines, inflammation

Question 19

Intrinsic Natural barriers (5)

Answer 19

1) epithelium
2) mucus
3) pH
4) fatty acids
5) salt concentration

Question 20

describe epithelium as an Intrinsic Natural barrier? Can produce?

Answer 20

Epithelium of the skin, intestine, lungs provide the LARGEST physical barrier
*epithelia can produce certain antimicrobial proteins called defensins

Question 21

describe mucus as an Intrinsic Natural barrier

Answer 21

mucus is a complex array of polysaccharides/ proteins (glycoproteins) that traps microbes
*covers a lot of eppithelium

Question 22

describe pH as an Intrinsic Natural barrier? optimum pH for microbial growth?

Answer 22

lower pH of skin/stomach are inhibitory to most microbes

*optimum pH ~7 for their growth

Question 23

describe fatty acids as an Intrinsic Natural barrier

Answer 23

fatty acids of skin are inherently antimicrobial

Question 24

describe salt concentration as an Intrinsic Natural barrier? exception?

Answer 24

salt concentration of skin cannot be tolerated by most microbes
*exception Staphlycoccusaureus

Question 25

list Biologically Active antimicrobial molecules that we PRODUCE that are another aspect of innate immunity (4)

Answer 25

1) Lysozyme
2) Transferrin
3) Interferons
4) Defensins

Question 26

Lysozyme

Answer 26

an enzyme present in ALL secretions that breaks down peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial

Question 27

Transferrin

Answer 27

a protein found in blood that BINDS UP FREE IRON preventing iron uptake by bacteria thus slowing microbial growth
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial

Question 28

Interferons definition

Answer 28

proteins secreted from virus infected cells that initiate an anti-viral response/state in surrounding cells
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial

Question 29

Defensins

Answer 29

small peptides secreted from most cells with antimicrobial properties that kill microbes
*innate immunity biologically active antimicrobial molecule

Question 30

5 key features of Interferons?

Answer 30

1) initiates an anti-viral response / state
2) interferon alpha (12) and beta (1)
3) non-specific anti-viral proteins
4) produced by white blood cells, fibroblasts, or any cell that is infected with a virus
5) induces antiviral activity in uninfected cells in part by inhibiting (reducing) cellular protein synthesis

Question 31

Complement Proteins are found in high concentrations in?

Answer 31

blood and lymph

Question 32

Complement Proteins are only activated and functional in the presence of?

Answer 32

microbes

Question 33

What is ‘complement’?

Answer 33

a system of ~20 proteins which are part of extracellular molecular signaling pathway

Question 34

what do complement proteins do? (6)

Answer 34

• promote inflammation •promote migration of leukocytes (chemotaxis)
• enhance phagocytosis (opsonization)
• directly kill bacterial cells
• inactivate viruses
• work in cooperation with or without antibody