Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ATPL - BGS [Mod 1] Human Performance > 18. Strategies for Coping with Human Error > Flashcards

18. Strategies for Coping with Human Error Flashcards

1
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Zero defect programmes are conceptually STRONG or FLAWED

A

FLAWED

  • They are formed on the belief that human error can be eradicated
  • Human errors however are considered as being inevitable

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

A less radical approach to coping with human error than the zero defect programme is what

A

ERROR CAUSE REMOVAL
(ECR)

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Which of the following tasks are better suited to a human;

[ ] Inductive reasoning
[ ] Monitoring
[ ] Deductive reasoning
[ ] Intelligence
[ ] Speed
[ ] Error correction
[ ] Power
[ ] Consistency
[ ] Complex activities
[ ] Short term memory
[ ] Computation

A

[X] ** Inductive reasoning
[ ] Monitoring
[ ] Deductive reasoning
[X] Intelligence
[ ] Speed
[X**] Error correction
[ ] Power
[ ] Consistency
[ ] Complex activities
[ ] Short term memory
[ ] Computation

HUMAN V MACHINE

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Which of the following tasks are better suited to a machine;

[ ] Inductive reasoning
[ ] Monitoring
[ ] Deductive reasoning
[ ] Intelligence
[ ] Speed
[ ] Error correction
[ ] Power
[ ] Consistency
[ ] Complex activities
[ ] Short term memory
[ ] Computation

A

[ ] Inductive reasoning
[X] Monitoring
[X] Deductive reasoning
[ ] Intelligence
[X] Speed
[ ] Error correction
[X] Power
[X] Consistency
[X] Complex activities
[X] Short term memory
[X] Computation

HUMAN V MACHINE

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

  1. A system that is set up so that the conseuqences of an error will not jeopardise safety is said to be what
  2. A system where a single error can cause a disaster is said to be what
A
  1. TOLERANT TO ERROR
  2. VULNERABLE TO ERROR

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Emphasis is placed on training, re-training and performance checking as this forms part of which learning technique which is identified as being very effective

A

OVER LEARNING

  • Recall from the learning chapter than over learning is a technique used to aid with long term memory recall

OVER LEARNING

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“The scratch pad system on flight management computers allows pilots to check their entry before committing it to the system”

This is an example of what type of strategy for reducing the consequences of error

A

REVERSIBLE ERRORS

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“A system that is designed to physically prevent errors being made. An example being the weight on wheels switch which prevents undercarriages from being selected up whilst the aircraft is on the ground”

This is an example of what type of strategy for reducing the consequences of error

A

ERROR PREVENTION

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“A long established method of two crew members cross checking”

This is an example of what type of strategy for reducing the consequences of error

A

CROSS MONITORING

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“A system incorporated to monitor human performance and to warn when dangerous situations are developing. For example, ground proximity warning systems”

This is an example of what type of strategy for reducing the consequences of error

A

MACHINE MONITORING SYSTEMS

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

What are the 3 components that make up the TEM model

A
  1. THREAT
  2. ERROR
  3. UNDESIRED AIRCRAFT STATE

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, which increase operational complexity, and which must be managed to maintain the margins of safety”

This is a definition of which component within the TEM model

A

THREAT

  • Threats are defined as events that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew
  • Threats may be anticipated, unexpected, or latent

4
620

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations”

This is a definition of which component within the TEM model

A

ERROR

4
620

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Any crew-induced position or speed deviations, misapplication or flight controls, or incorrect ssytems configuration, which causes a reduction in safety margins”

This is a definition of which component within the TEM model

A

UNDESIRED AIRCRAFT STATE

4
620

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Threats may arise in what 3 forms;

[ ] Anticipated
[ ] Delayed
[ ] Unexpected
[ ] Latent
[ ] Sudden
[ ] Startled

A

[X] Anticipated
[ ] Delayed
[X] Unexpected
[X] Latent
[ ] Sudden
[ ] Startled

  • Anticipated - flight crew know that thunderstorms are forecast in vacinity of aerodrome
  • Unexpected - sudden in flight malfunction or navigation aid un-servicibility
  • Latent - threats not directly obvious

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

  1. Flight crew knowing that a thunderstorm is forecast in the vacinity of the aerodrome is an example of a ANTICIPCATED or UNEXPECTED or LATENT threat
  2. Sudden in flight malfunction of navigation aid un-servicibility is an example of a ANTICIPCATED or UNEXPECTED or LATENT threat
  3. Threats that are not directly obvious is an example of a ANTICIPCATED or UNEXPECTED or LATENT threat
A
  1. ANTICIPATED
  2. UNEXPECTED
  3. LATENT

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Threats, which can be anticipated, unepxected or latent, can be further sub-divided into 2 categories;

[ ] Expected
[ ] Beyond mitigation
[ ] Environmental
[ ] Organisational
[ ] Health and Safety

A

[ ] Expected
[ ] Beyond mitigation
[X] Environmental
[X] Organisational
[ ] Health and Safety

  • Note that environmental does not necessarily exclusively mean weather
  • For example, an environment could be a situation we find ourselves in i.e. the operational environment
  • An approach where suddenly the runway in use is changed is an environmental threat as you find yourself in a given situation that now increases workload which was beyond your control
  • An unservicable navigiation aid (ie. on the ground) may seem like an organisational threat. As a deep dive, it could be if the failure were due to bad maintenance practices, but on the surface, the aid being unavailable is considered an environmental threat as it is assumed otherwise it would be working and assisting the pilot, who now finds themselves in a situation where it is unavailable to them.

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Identify the following threats and marry them up to whether they are environmental or organisational, as well as identifying their sub category i.e. weather, or airport, or terrain etc.

  1. Heavy turbulence [ ] [ ]
  2. Cross/tail winds on landing [ ] [ ]
  3. Poor ATC commands [ ] [ ]
  4. Conflicting callsigns on comms [ ] [ ]
  5. Complex taxi/ramp procedures [ ] [ ]
  6. Short runway [ ] [ ]
  7. Runway on a slope [ ] [ ]
  8. High ground [ ] [ ]
  9. Aircraft malfunction [ ] [ ]
  10. Cabin event [ ] [ ]
  11. Cabin door security [ ] [ ]
  12. De-icing issues [ ] [ ]
  13. Dispatch error [ ] [ ]
  14. Documentational error [ ] [ ]
  15. Late arrival [ ] [ ]
  16. Delays [ ] [ ]
A
  1. Heavy turbulence [ENVIRONMENTAL] [WEATHER]
  2. Cross/tail winds on landing [ENVIRONMENTAL] [WEATHER]
  3. Poor ATC commands [ENVIRONMENTAL] [ATC]
  4. Conflicting callsigns on comms [ENVIRONMENTAL] [ATC]
  5. Complex taxi/ramp procedures [ENVIRONMENTAL] [AIRPORT]
  6. Short runway [ENVIRONMENTAL] [AIRPORT]
  7. Runway on a slope [ENVIRONMENTAL] [TERRAIN]
  8. High ground [ENVIRONMENTAL] [TERRAIN]
  9. Aircraft malfunction [ORGANISATIONAL] [AIRCRAFT]
  10. Cabin event [ORGANISATIONAL] [CABIN]
  11. Cabin door security [ORGANISATIONAL] [CABIN]
  12. De-icing issues [ORGANISATIONAL] [GROUND CREW]
  13. Dispatch error [ORGANISATIONAL] [DISPATCH/SCHEDULING]
  14. Documentational error [ORGANISATIONAL] [DISPATCH/SCHEDULING]
  15. Late arrival [ENVIRONMENTAL] [OPERATIONAL PRESSURE]
  16. Delays [ENVIRONMENTAL] [OPERATIONAL PRESSURE]

5/6/7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Errors in the TEM model fall into what 3 categories;

[ ] Misinterpretation
[ ] Aircraft handling
[ ] Procedural
[ ] Slips
[ ] Communications
[ ] Mistakes

A

[ ] Misinterpretation
[X] Aircraft handling
[X] Procedural
[ ] Slips
[X] Communications
[ ] Mistakes

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Caused by an interaction between the pilot and the aircraft through various controls”

This is an example of which type of error category

[ ] Aircraft handling
[ ] Procedural
[ ] Communications

A

[X] Aircraft handling
[ ] Procedural
[ ] Communications

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“caused by the interaction between a pilot and a checklist or SOP”

This is an example of whcih type of error category

[ ] Aircraft handling
[ ] Procedural
[ ] Communications

A

[ ] Aircraft handling
[X] Procedural
[ ] Communications

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“caused by the interaction between the pilot and other people such as ATC or ground crew”

This is an example of whcih type of error category

[ ] Aircraft handling
[ ] Procedural
[ ] Communications

A

[ ] Aircraft handling
[ ] Procedural
[X] Communications

8

23
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Undesired aircraft states, if poorly managed, can lead to further errors, escalating the situation. This could possibly lead into what 2 outcomes

A
  1. ACCIDENT
  2. INCIDENT

11

24
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Undesired aircraft states are broken down into what 3 basic categories;

[ ] Unstable conditions
[ ] Aircraft Handling
[ ] Ground Navigation
[ ] Laternal Navigation
[ ] Incorrect aircraft configuration
[ ] Excessively high cost index

A

[ ] Unstable conditions
[X] Aircraft Handling
[X] Ground Navigation
[ ] Laternal Navigation
[X] Incorrect aircraft configuration
[ ] Excessively high cost index

11

25
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

A flight crew selects a wrong approach in the Flight Management Computer (FMC). The flight crew subsequenclty identifies the error during a cross check prior tot he Final Approach Fix (FAF).

  1. Scenario 1: Both crew get fixed into trying to re-programme the FMC and as a result, the aircraft flies high through the localiser, descending late and causing an unstable approach. This is an example of ERROR MANAGEMENT or UNDESIRED AIRCRAFT STATE MANAGEMENT
  2. Scenario 2: Instead of getting fixed into trying to re-program the FMC, the flight crew use basic mode i.e. heading, and manually fly the desired track. This is an example of ERROR MANAGEMENT or UNDESIRED AIRCRAFT STATE MANAGEMENT
A
  1. ERROR MANAGEMENT
  2. UNDESIRED AIRCRAFT STATE MANAGEMENT

  • The TEM model assists in educating flight crews that when the aircraft is in an undeisred state, the basic task is undesired aircraft state management and not to get locked in on error management
  • In scenario 1, getting locked into error management escalated the situation, putting the aircraft off of the localiser and into an unstable dangerous approach
  • In scenario 2, the crew understand the sitaution but rather than getting distracted, focus on the current situation and effectively manage it to maintain safety.

12

26
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

What is the term used for the measurement of the human body when designing flight decks and considering the ergonomics;

[ ] Anthropromorphic
[ ] Anthrobipedal
[ ] Anthrostatic
[ ] Anthropometry

A

[ ] Anthropromorphic
[ ] Anthrobipedal
[ ] Anthrostatic
[X] Anthropometry

13

27
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Flight decks are designed in such a way that the pilot should adapt to the ergonomics of the design TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

  • Cockpits are designed to fit the pilot, not the other way around

13

28
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Flight deck crew seats must be fully adjustable and include ____ support to push the spine into a comfortable shape

A

LUMBAR SUPPORT

  • ensures compression loads on the discs are evenly spread

14

29
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

The point that becomes the reference for all other aspects of the cockpit layout including the reach distance to controls and control panels is based around what point

A

EYE DATUM REFERENCE POINT

  • It is assumed that the pilot will adjust their seating position to ensure their eyes are positioned at the datum point

15

30
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Cockpit instrument layouts should be what in order to provide consistency and reduce the liklihood of increased error as a result of different layouts

A

STANDARDISED

16

31
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

A MULTI-POINTER or DIGITAL AND POINTER altimeter is slower to read and likely to give rise to errors in misinterpretation

A

MULTI-POINTER

18

32
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

The design of controls is important in trying to minimise operationally induced errors and to bring standardisation.

  1. The “ON” position of a switch is always UP or DOWN
  2. The “ON” position of a switch is ALWAYS or NEVER relative to the pilots viewpoint
A
  1. UP
  2. ALWAYS

19

33
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Refer to the following diagram.

A pilot who has been used to flying with a fuel selector with the “BOTH” in the forward position transfers to an aircraft that has the “OFF” selector in the forward position and accidently selects it.

This is an example of what

A

HABIT REVERSION
(Negative Habit Transfer)

20

34
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Care and attention is given to the design and layout of checklists;

  1. Excessive use of uppercase characters reduces what
  2. Use of colour on checklists IS or IS NOT a good design feature
  3. Logical and unambigious indexing systems are essental. PAGE & PARAGRAPH NUMBERING or LETTERING is more easily recognisable
  4. How is complex information better represented
A
  1. READABILITY
  2. IS NOT (should be minimised)
  3. PAGE & PARAGRAPH NUMBERING
  4. DIAGRAMS and CHARTS

  • Red colour on check lists can be washed out by the infared colour of the cockpit lighting

21

35
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

The overriding principle of a warning system design is that it shuld be what

A

ATTENTION GETTING

22

36
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Warning systems server what 2 main functions’

[ ] Alert
[ ] Stimulate
[ ] Startle
[ ] Increase adrenaline
[ ] Inform

A

[X] Alert
[ ] Stimulate
[ ] Startle
[ ] Increase adrenaline
[X] Inform

22

37
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

The field of human-machine interface (HMI) is goal orientated. The main goals are;

[ ] Cost saving
[ ] As few as possible
[ ] Safety
[ ] Humanisation compatibility
[ ] Environmental compatibility
[ ] Obvious
[ ] Productivity (economics)

A

[ ] Cost saving
[ ] As few as possible
[X] Safety
[X] Humanisation compatibility
[X] Environmental compatibility
[ ] Obvious
[X] Productivity (economics)

23

38
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Important controls are always placed within easy reach. Controls used in a particular order are position in such a way that the order is logical. Controls used simultaneously are grouped together i.e. throttles”

This is the definition of what design principle

A

POSITIONING AND SEQUENCING

23

39
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Controls are made to look and feel different to make it easier to distinguish between them i.e. the flap lever looks like a flap, the gear lever looks like a wheel”

This is the definition of what design principle

A

IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROLS

23

40
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“Displays and controls are positioned to reflect their relationship in a logical fashion. i.e. left throttle and engine information is on the left, right for the right etc..”

This is the definition of what design principle

A

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP

23

41
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

A design principle that is used to protect switches and levers to induce thought proceess before activiation

A

GUARDS and INTERLOCKS

24

42
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

The countermeasures utilized in TEM can be split into what 2 major categories

A
  1. HARD RESOURCES (systemic based)
  2. SOFT RESOURCES (personal/team tactics and strategies)

  • Hard resource countermeasures are also known as “systemtic based”.
  • They are referred to as systemic as they are embedded into the aviation system i.e. Legislation controls, aircraft systems, operational procedures, crew training
  • Soft resource countermeasures are direct human (crew) input

25

43
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

The countermeasures utilized in TEM can be split into hard resources and soft resources. Soft resources (direct human input) can be sub divided into what 3 types;

[ ] Planning countermeasures
[ ] Execution countermeasures
[ ] Functional countermeasures
[ ] Review countermeasures
[ ] Logical countermeasures

A

[X] Planning countermeasures
[X] Execution countermeasures
[ ] Functional countermeasures
[X] Review countermeasures
[ ] Logical countermeasures

25

44
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“includes SOP briefing, stated plans, assignment of workloads and contingency management”

This is an example of what soft resource sub category countermeasure

A

PLANNING COUNTERMEASURE

25

45
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“automation and workload management, monitoring and cross checking to help detect errors and properly respond to them”

This is an example of what soft resource sub category countermeasure

A

EXECUTION COUNTERMEASURE

25

46
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

“open questioning, evlation and modication of plans coupled with crew assertiveness to effectively manage the ever changing flight conditions”

This is an example of what soft resource sub category countermeasure

A

REVIEW COUNTERMEASURE

25

47
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Decision making is a knowledge-based behaviour and is influenced by a variety of factors including poor or incomplete knowledge or incorrect weighting given to information. A typical decision making process includes what 9 stages;

[ ] Definition of the aim
[ ] Set goal
[ ] Collection of information
[ ] Risk assessment
[ ] Risk mitigation
[ ] Development of options
[ ] Evlation of options
[ ] Decision
[ ] Timely exection
[ ] Implementation
[ ] Consequences
[ ] Result
[ ] Review and feedback

A

[X] Definition of the aim
[ ] Set goal
[X] Collection of information
[X] Risk assessment
[ ] Risk mitigation
[X] Development of options
[X] Evlation of options
[X] Decision
[ ] Timely exection
[X] Implementation
[X] Consequences
[ ] Result
[X] Review and feedback

26

48
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

On a flight deck, a pilot will conduct a risk assessment in a decision making situation based upon which 4 basic elements;

[ ] The pilot
[ ] Upset to passengers or cargo
[ ] The aircraft
[ ] Economic (cost)
[ ] Environmental conditions
[ ] Available time

A

[X] The pilot
[ ] Upset to passengers or cargo
[X] The aircraft
[ ] Economic (cost)
[X] Environmental conditions
[X] Available time

27

49
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

In a decision making situation a pilot can have clouded judgement when under stress. The basic stressors on a pilot are;

[ ] Physical
[ ] Time
[ ] Physiological
[ ] Psychological
[ ] Workload
[ ] Sociological

A

[X] Physical
[ ] Time
[X] Physiological
[X] Psychological
[ ] Workload
[X] Sociological

27

50
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

In a decision making process, a pilot can bring both positive and negative attributes. What are the 3 positive attributes

A
  1. CREATIVITY
  2. INNOVATIVITY
  3. ADAPTABILITY

27

51
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

In a decision making process, a pilot can bring both positive and negative attributes. What are the 3 negative attributes

A
  1. FALSE MENTAL MODEL
  2. INCORRECT MOTOR PROGRAMME
  3. LACK OF FEEDBACK

27

52
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

Errors can occur at any of the nine stages of the decision making process. Gary Klein (1993) identified 3 main sources;

  1. Lack of ____
  2. Lack of ____
  3. Inadequate ____
A
  1. EXPEREINCE
  2. INFORMATION
  3. SIMULATION

  • A lack of experience leaves the pilot with nothing to base their decision upon
  • A lack of information meants that the decision maker does not have enough information to base an informed decision on
  • Inadequate simulation is where the potential outcomes of various options have not been adequately considered - the “what ifs”

DECISION MAKING PROCESS

28

53
Q

Strategies for coping with human error

An individuals resposne and accuracy of that response to a decision making situation will be determined by who we are, how we are (personality, motivation, attitude), and what is going on around us. Decision making errors are made more likely by which elements;

[ ] Stress
[ ] Time pressure
[ ] Safety conscious
[ ] Distraction
[ ] Focused / Concentrating
[ ] Peer pressure
[ ] Over thinking
[ ] Economic pressure
[ ] Self-imposed pressure
[ ] Determination

A

[X] Stress
[X] Time pressure
[ ] Safety conscious
[X] Distraction
[ ] Focused / Concentrating
[X] Peer pressure
[ ] Over thinking
[X] Economic pressure
[X] Self-imposed pressure
[ ] Determination

29

ATPL - BGS [Mod 1] Human Performance (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions