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ATPL - BGS [Mod 1] Human Performance > 04. Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration > Flashcards

04. Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are the 3 types of hypoxia

A
  1. HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
  2. ANAEMIC HYPOXIA
  3. HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA

  • Anaemic Hypoxia stems from lack of oxygen carrying capacity
  • Histotoxic Hypoxia occurs at a cellular level. The cell is impaired and cannot use the oxygen
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2
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the cause of hypoxic hypoxia

A

LOW HAEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN SATURATION

  • Typically for pilots this is caused by reduced level of atmospheric oxygen

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3
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

The amount of oxyhaemoglobin in the blood depends on thea mount of oxygen in what

A

THE LUNGS

  • This explains why low atmospheric pressure can caue hypoxia
  • External air pressure can change the proporition of gases in the lungs

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4
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

The amount of oxygen in the air when factoring in the other gases that form total pressure is described as what and is measured in what unit

A
  1. PARTIAL PRESSURE
  2. mm Hg

  • At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, but only 160 mm Hg of this is oxygen
  • Oxyten partial pressure at sea level would therfore be 160 mm Hg
  • Daltons law ~ Pt = P1 + P2 + P3

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5
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere as altitude increases

A

FALLS

  • Does not fall at a constant rate

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6
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs at sea level

A

103 mm Hg
(14.5% of air in the lungs)

2

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7
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Which 2 other gases in the lungs remain at a relatively constant partial pressure as altitude increases, subsequently reducing further the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs as altitude increases

A
  1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
  2. WATER VAPOUR

2

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8
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are the 3 physiological thresholds of hypoxia and their altitudes

A
  1. REACTION - 7,000 ft
  2. DISTURBANCE - 10,000 - 12,000 ft
  3. CRITICAL - 22,000 ft

3

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9
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“beyond this threshold is where yo being to see a definite reaction from the body to lower levels of oxygen saturation in the blood and performance of complex tasks may be impaired. A slight increase in both breathing and heart rate is detected”

This is a definition of which Hypoxia threshold and height in feet

A

REACTION THRESHOLD
7,000 ft

3

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10
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“breathing air produces significantly lower sats and the bodys defence mechanisms begin to generate cardiovasulat and respiratory responses to give some protection against hypoxia. Beyond this threshold the body struggles to cope and even a relatively short exposure duration will result in impaired judgement, memory and alertness.”

This is a definition of which Hypoxia threshold and height in feet

A

DISTURBANCE THRESHOLD
10,000 - 12,000 ft

3

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11
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“Beyond this threshold sats fall as low as 65-60% and mental performance quickly deteriorates, with a rapid onset of extreme dizziness and confusion. Total loss of consciousness and complete incapacitation will follow without warning”

This is a definition of which Hypoxia threshold and height in feet

A

CRTICAL THRESHOLD
22,000 ft

3

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12
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Above what altitude will night vision adaptation start to be affected in regards to symptoms of hypoxia

A

5,000 ft

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13
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is one of the first symptoms of someone suffering from hypoxia

A

DEGRADED MENTAL PERFORMANCE
performance of complex tasks may be impaired

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14
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are 4 initial symptoms of hypoxia above the disturbance threshold altitude of 10,000 - 12,000 ft

[ ] EUPHORIA
[ ] JOINT PAIN
[ ] FATIGUE
[ ] DIZZINESS
[ ] PANTING
[ ] HUNGER
[ ] HEADACHE

A

[X] EUPHORIA
[ ] JOINT PAIN
[X] FATIGUE
[X] DIZZINESS
[ ] PANTING
[ ] HUNGER
[X] HEADACHE

  1. EUPHORIA
  2. FATIGUE
  3. DIZZINESS
  4. HEADACHE

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15
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

A pilot should not operate above what altitude without the use of supplementary oxygen

A

10,000 ft

PARTIAL PRESSURE

3

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16
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Complete the table for oxygen requirements

Up to 10,000 ft | ? |
10,000 - 33, 700 ft | ? |
33,700 - 40,000 ft | ? |
Above 40,000 ft | ? |

Altitude | Requirement |

A

Up to 10,000 ft | No specific requirement
10,000 - 33,700 ft | Increasing percentage of supplement oxygen required
33,700 - 40,000 ft | 100% O2 required
Above 40,000 ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required

PARTIAL PRESSURE

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17
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

By what altitude is 100% oxygen required to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen to that of sea level

A

33,700 ft

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18
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Hypoxia DOES or DOES NOT lead to shortage of breath

A

DOES NOT

  • Panting does not occur which is a normal symptom of lack of oxygen
  • This is because there is no excess of carbon dioxide, just a shortage of oxygen

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19
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Which body organ is the largest consumer of oxygen and the first to be affected by hypoxia

A

BRAIN

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20
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Hypoxia affects the brain first. If conditions persist beyond the first initial symptoms, 7 other functions/symptoms may appear are;

[ ] VISION
[ ] APPETITE
[ ] JUDGEMENT
[ ] MOTOR SKILLS
[ ] DROWSINESS
[ ] NEED FOR BATHROOM
[ ] SPEECH
[ ] MEMORY
[ ] PANTING
[ ] CONCENTRATION

A

[X] VISION
[ ] APPETITE
[X] JUDGEMENT
[X] MOTOR SKILLS
[X] DROWSINESS
[ ] NEED FOR BATHROOM
[X] SPEECH
[X] MEMORY
[ ] PANTING
[X] CONCENTRATION

  • Difficulty in concentrating
  • Degradation of reasoning and perceptive functions
  • Impaired judgement, mood changes, euphoria
  • Drowsiness, light headedness, dizziness, nausea and lethargy
  • Loss of muscular coordination
  • Pallow and syanosis - blueing of the extremities
  • Failure of the basic senses, especially colour vision
  • Unconsciousness

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21
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

The severity of hypoxia can depend based on what 4 things

A
  1. RATE OF DECOMPRESSION
  2. PHYSICAL FITNESS
  3. FLIGHT LEVEL
  4. INDIVIDUAL TOLERANCE

5

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22
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Hypoxia onset can be hastened by the which of 6 following factors

[ ] Exercise
[ ] Short Sightedness
[ ] Weight
[ ] Cold
[ ] Being ill
[ ] Height
[ ] Fatigue
[ ] Drug/Alcohol use
[ ] Diet
[ ] Smoking

A

[X] Exercise
[ ] Short Sightedness
[ ] Weight
[X] Cold
[X] Being ill
[ ] Height
[X] Fatigue
[X] Drug/Alcohol use
[ ] Diet
[X] Smoking

  1. EXERCISE
  2. COLD
  3. ILLNESS
  4. FATIGUE
  5. DRUGS & ALCOHOL
  6. SMOKING

5

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23
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Smoking reduces the ability o transfer oxygen by what percentage

A

4 - 10%

5

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24
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

A heavy smoker can become hypoxic at and above what altitude

A

6,000 ft

5

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25
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency and laertness”

This is the definition of what in relation to hypoxia

A

TIME OF USEFUL CONSCIOUSNESS
(TUC)

TUC TABLE

6

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26
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

The TUC varies with altitude. Completed the following table;

ALTITUDE | SEATED (at rest) |
1. ____ ft | ____ min
2. ____ ft | ____ min
3. ____ ft | ____ sec
4. ____ ft | ____ sec

Time of Usful Consciousness

A
  1. 20,000ft | 30 min
  2. 30,000 ft | 1-2 min
  3. 35,000 ft | 30-90 seconds
  4. 40,000 ft | 15-20 seconds

TUC TABLE

6

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27
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the altitude range of cabin altitude

A

6,000 - 8,000 ft

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28
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What does EPT stand for

A

EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE TIME
(EPT)

  • The pilots ability to function regardless of consciousness
  • TUC may be 30 seconds, but EPT may only be 15 seconds
  • EPT is always less than TUC

6

29
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

How long should aircrew wait before flying after donating blood

A

24 HOURS

6

30
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Hyperventilation can lead to a reduction of what in the blood, which changes the acid balance in what

A
  1. CO2
  2. PLASMA

7

31
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

The state of beathing faster and/or deeper than is necessary for the body is known as what

A

HYPERVENTILATION

103
7

32
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Hyperventilation may be caused by what 2 elements specifically which make up a sub list of actual reasons i.e. stress and anxiety, or heat and vibration

A
  1. PSYCHOLOGICAL
  2. PHYSIOLOGICAL

103
7

33
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are the 8 identifiable symptoms of hyperventilation

[ ] DIZZINESS
[ ] EUPHORiA
[ ] TINGLING OF EXTREMITIES
[ ] VISUAL DISTURBANCES
[ ] FLUSHES
[ ] IRRITABILITY
[ ] ANXIETY
[ ] NAUSEA
[ ] IMPAIRED PERFORMANCE
[ ] LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
[ ] RAPID BREATHING RATE

A

[X] DIZZINESS
[ ] EUPHORiA
[X] TINGLING OF EXTREMITIES
[X] VISUAL DISTURBANCES
[X] FLUSHES
[ ] IRRITABILITY
[X] ANXIETY
[ ] NAUSEA
[X] IMPAIRED PERFORMANCE
[X] LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
[X] RAPID BREATHING RATE

103
7

34
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

A prolonged case of hyperventilation can cause the suffer to exhibit servere muscle contractions of the limb extremities. This is known as what

A

CARPOPEDAL SPASMS

7

35
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the name given when the syhmpathetic nervous system releases extreme levels of adrenaline in response to anxiety or stress

A

PANIC ATTACK

104

36
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the best method to control hyperventiliation

A

POSITIVELY CONTROLLED BREATHING

104
7

37
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What symptom is associated to hypoxia, but not with hyperventilation, which is a blueing of extremities

A

CYANOSIS

7

38
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the cause of anaemic hypoxia

A

REDUCED ABILITY FOR BLOOD TO CARRY OXYGEN

lack of oxygen carrying capacity

  • Blood loss such as a wound, or donating blood
  • Smoking, which prevents oxygen binding to Haemoglobin

97
8

39
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“the lack of oxygen carrying capacity. May be caused by blood loss or smoking”

This is a definition of what sort of hypoxia

A

ANAEMIC HYPOXIA

8

40
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“occurs at a cellular level. Although there is an adequate supply of oxygen, cells are unable to accept or use it”

This is a definition of what sort of hypoxia

A

HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA

8

41
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are the 6 key characteristic symptoms of DCS

decompression sickness

A
  1. THE BENDS
  2. THE CREEPS
  3. THE CHOKCES
  4. THE STAGGERS
  5. LOSS OF VISION
  6. PARALYSIS OF LIMBS

197
9

42
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“Embolisms in capillaries IN THE BRAIN with disturbances in walking, neurological side effects”

This is a definition of what symptom of DCS

decompression sickness

A

THE STAGGERS

197
9

43
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“Embolisms in THE CAPILLARIES Feeling of ants crawling under your skin”

This is a definition of what symptom of DCS

decompression sickness

A

THE CREEPS

197
9

44
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“Embolisms in THE JOINTS intense arthritis type pain”

This is a definition of what symptom of DCS

decompression sickness

A

THE BENDS

197
9

45
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

“Embolism in THE LUNGS Chest pain and coughing slowly increasing in severity, with deep breahting Usually associated with divers in rapid ascents”

This is a definition of what symptom of DCS

decompression sickness

A

THE CHOKES

197
9

46
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

A pilot must not fly after scuba diving for how long in the following conditions;

  1. Shallow diving using compressed air : ____ hrs
  2. Depth greater than 30 ft : ____ hrs
A
  1. 12 hours
  2. 24 hours

197

47
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

If a passenger or crew member is showing symptoms of DCS, what action must the pilot take

A

DESCEND IMMEDIATELY

Descend until the symptoms are no longer evident

197
10

48
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Decompression sickness (DCS) is unlikely to occur at altitudes of less than ____ ft

A

14,000 ft (padpilot)
18,000 ft (BGS)

196
10

49
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Above ____ ft the risk of DCS is significantly increased

A

25,000 ft

196
10

50
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

A reduction in ____ pressure causes ____ to form in the blood plasma which contributes to decompression sickness

A
  1. AMBIENT PRESSURE
  2. TINY NITROGEN BUBBLES

195
9/10

51
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Tiny nitrogen bubbles merge together to create larger bubbles known as what

A

AIR EMBOLISMS

52
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What is the treatment for decompression sickness

A

COMPRESSION CHAMBER 100% OXYGEN AND KEPT WARM

10

53
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are the 2 immediate actions that should be taken, in order, following the loss of pressurisation

A
  1. DON OXYGEN MASK (100% oxygen)
  2. DESCEND (below 10,000 ft)

11

54
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

In a rapid decompression, the cabin altitude may be ____ft HIGHER or LOWER than the actual altitude

A
  1. 5,000 ft
  2. HIGHER

  • This is as a result of the venturi effect
  • Air is sucked out of the cabin resulting in a lower pressure

11

55
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Following a rapid decompression event, due to the delay of onset of decompression sickness, aircrew should wait how long before flying again

A

24 HOURS

11

56
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What does G-LOC stand for

A

G-INDUCED LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

199

57
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to angular accelerations

A

PITCHING UP and DOWN
(Z axis)

G-FORCES

201
12

58
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to linear accelerations

A

INCREASE or DECREASE IN AIRSPEED
(X axis)

G-FORCES

201
12

59
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to Radial accelerations

A

LEVEL TURN
(Y axis)

G-FORCES

  • Looping is considered radial also, but would incur the angular acceleration at first also as the climb or descent were to begin

12

60
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Someone who is fit and wearing protective g suit clothing can sustain consciousness and vision up to ____g
An unprepared person or someone unwell will become unconscious at ____g

A
  1. 7 - 8g
  2. 4g

203
12

61
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Under negative G, where does the blood pool
FEET or HEAD

A

HEAD

G-FORCES

204
13

62
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

1.Positive G is caused by PITCH UP or PITCH DOWN
2. Negative G is caused by PITCH UP or PITCH DOWN

A
  1. PITCH UP
  2. PITCH DOWN

G-FORCES

204
13

63
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

The body can tolerate exposure to a G of as much as ____Gz in the verticle axis

A

+25Gz

G-FORCES

13

64
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

As forces approach ____Gz, a lack of blood to what 2 organs will start to cause ‘grey out’ and ultimately lead to unconsciousness

A
  1. +3.5Gz
  2. EYES
  3. BRAIN

G-FORCES

13

65
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

7 major factors which affect the tolerance to G are what;

[ ] ALTITUDE
[ ] POSTURE
[ ] AGE
[ ] ACTIVE MEASURES
[ ] EXPERIENCE
[ ] EQIPMENT
[ ] HEALTH
[ ] AIRCRAFT TYPE
[ ] SPEED OF ONSET
[ ] DURATION

A

[ ] ALTITUDE
[X] POSTURE
[ ] AGE
[X] ACTIVE MEASURES
[X] EXPERIENCE
[X] EQIPMENT
[X] HEALTH
[ ] AIRCRAFT TYPE
[X] SPEED OF ONSET
[X] DURATION

  1. POSTURE : height difference
  2. ACTIVE MEASURES : tensing abdominal muscles as example
  3. EXPERIENCE : frequent practice
  4. EQUIPMENT : Anti-g trousers as example
  5. HEALTH : unfit or unwell
  6. SPEED OF ONSET : time to react
  7. DURATION : prolonged exposure

203
14

66
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Shorter people are MORE or LESS tolerant to vertical G

A

MORE

14

67
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

What are the 4 stages of hypoxia

A
  1. INDIFFERENT
  2. FULL COMPENSATION
  3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION
  4. CRITICAL

100

68
Q

Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, Acceleration

Complete the stages of hypoxia table;

STAGE | ALTITUDE |
1. INDIFFERENT | ____ft AMSL
2. FULL COMPENSATION | ____ ft AMSL
3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION | ____ ft AMSL
4. CRITICAL | ____ ft AMSL

A
  1. INDIFFERENT | 0 - 5,000 ft AMSL
  2. FULL COMPENSATION | 5,000 - 12,000 ft AMSL
  3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION | 12,000 - 20,000 ft AMSL
  4. CRITICAL | Above 20,000 ft AMSL

100

ATPL - BGS [Mod 1] Human Performance (22 decks)

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