01. Basic Concepts Flashcards
Basic Concepts
What does CRM stand for
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2
Basic Concepts
CRM was expanded to include not just pilots, but which other crew members
CABIN CREW
2
Basic Concepts
What does MCC stand for
MULTI-CREW COOPERATION
2
Basic Concepts
CRM and MCC sources are specifically aimed at getting individuals to do what, and not as groups of individuals.
WORK TOGETHER
2
Basic Concepts
What are the 8 core competencies;
[ ] Procedures
[ ] Flightpath Management - Automation
[ ] Flightpath management - Manual
[ ] Workload Management
[ ] English proficiency
[ ] Communication
[ ] Problem Solving and Decision making
[ ] Time keeping
[ ] Empathy
[ ] Leadership and teamwork
[ ] Situational awareness
[X] Procedures
[X] Flightpath Management - Automation
[X] Flightpath management - Manual
[X] Workload Management
[ ] English proficiency
[X] Communication
[X] Problem Solving and Decision making
[ ] Time keeping
[ ] Empathy
[X] Leadership and teamwork
[X] Situational awareness
3
Basic Concepts
“thea bility to identify and apply procedures in accordance with the published operating instructiosn adn applicable regulations, using the appropriate knowledge”
This is a definition of which core compentancy
APPLICATION OF PROCEDURES
3
Basic Concepts
“the ability to demonstrate effective oral, non verbal and written communications, in normal and non normal situations”
This is a definition of which of the core compentancies
COMMUNICATION
3
Basic Concepts
“able to control the aircraft flight path through automation, including appropriate use of flight management system(s) and guidance”
This is a definition of which of the core compentancies
FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT - AUTOMATION
3
Basic Concepts
“able to control the aircraft flight path through manual flight, including appropriate use of flight management system(s) and flight guidance systems”
This is a definition of which of the core compentancies
FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT - MANUAL
3
Basic Concepts
“ability to demonstrate effective leadership and team working”
This is a definition of which of the core competancies
LEADERSHIP AND TEAMWORK
3
Basic Concepts
“ability to accurately identigy risks and resolve problems. Uses the appropriate decision-making processes”
This is a definition of which of the core competancies
PROBLEM SOLVING & DECISION MAKING
3
Basic Concepts
“ability to preceive and comprehend all of the relevant information available and anticipates what could happen that may affect the operation”
This is a definition of which of the core competancies
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
3
Basic Concepts
“ability to manage available resources efficiently to prioritise and perform tasks in a timely manner under all circumstances”
This is a definition of which of the core competancies
WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
3
Basic Concepts
ICAO’s primary indicator of safety in the global air transport sector is the accident rate based on what
SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS INVOLVING AIRCRAFT HAVING MTOW ABOVE 5700 kg
5
Basic Concepts
What percentage of accidents are attributed to human errors
70%
6
Basic Concepts
There are 3 broad categories which contribute to human error in accidents. What are the 3 categories;
[ ] Capability
[ ] Predisposition
[ ] Enabling factors
[ ] Immediate causes
[ ] Concentration
[ ] Capability
[X] Predisposition
[X] Enabling factors
[X] Immediate causes
[ ] Concentration
7
Basic Concepts
There are 3 broad categories which contribute to huamn error in accidents. What is the break down percentage of the contributing factors under predisposition;
- Personality | ____%
- Inexperience | ____%
- Life Stress | ____%
- Personality | 22%
- Inexperience | 20%
- Life Stress | 14%
7
Basic Concepts
There are 3 broad categories which contribute to huamn error in accidents. What is the break down percentage of the contributing factors under ENABLING FACTORS;
- Ergonomics | ____%
- Training and Briefing | ____%
- Administration | ____%
- Ergonomics | 22%
- Training and Briefing | 18%
- Administration | 25%
7
Basic Concepts
There are 3 broad categories which contribute to huamn error in accidents. What is the break down percentage of the contributing factors under IMMEDIATE CAUSES;
- Acute Stress | ____%
- Cognitive Failure | ____%
- Distraction | ____%
- False Hypothesis | ____%
- Disorientation | ____%
- Visual Illusion | ____%
- Acute Stress | 25%
- Cognitive Failure | 18%
- Distraction | 16%
- False Hypothesis | 13%
- Disorientation | 12%
- Visual Illusion | 12%
7
Basic Concepts
What are the 5 factors in the aviation environment that the SHELL model is based upon
- SOFTWARE
- HARDWARE
- ENVIRONMENT
- LIVEWIRE (central)
- LIVEWIRE (peripheral)
Basic Concepts
“represents the interaction betwen people, and might include the relationships between the crew themselves, communication with ATC, operations, and management”
This is a definition of which interface of the SHELL model
LIVEWARE <> LIVEWARE
Basic Concepts
“interfaces ensure there is no room for misunderstanding. Written instructions must be clear and unambiguous, symbols standardised and as instinctively understandable as possible, and books and computer programs must be easy to use”
This is a definition of which interface of the SHELL model
SOFTWARE <> LIVEWARE
Basic Concepts
“Switches and controls must be easy to use and, wherever possible, standardised between aircraft types. Direction of control movement must be considered, as must the design of the controls”
This is a definition of which interface of the SHELL model
HARDWARE <> LIVEWARE
Basic Concepts
“includes the effects of hypoxia, heat and cold, radiation, toxic substances, and weather”
This is a definition of which interface of the SHELL model
ENVIRONMENT <> LIVEWARE
Basic Concepts
“the center of the shell model, requiring understanding of how the human body works”
This is a definition of which element of the SHELL model
LIVEWARE (human)
Basic Concepts
“chared values (what is important) and beliefs (how things work) that interact with an organisations structures and control systems to produce behavioural norms”
This is a definition of what sort of culture
SAFETY CULTURE
14
Basic Concepts
What is the only influence that can be exerted on various levels of defense within an organisation to reduce the liklihood of a build up of latent errors
SAFETY CULTURE
619
Basic Concepts
What are the 2 ways of treating safety culture;
- Something the organisation ____
- Something the organisation ____
- IS
- HAS
14
Basic Concepts
Safety culture is a product of what 3 other cultural traits
- ORGANISATIONAL
- PROFESSIONAL
- NATIONAL
14
Basic Concepts
Safety culture may be 1 of what 3 states
- POSITIVE
- NEGATIVE
- NEUTRAL
14
Basic Concepts
“Individuals are influenced by what in regards to where they live and grow up”
This is a definition of what sort of culture
NATIONAL CULTURE
634
Basic Concepts
In a strive for achieving common safety culture, ICAO publishes what designed to promote a common approach to aviation safety
STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
(SARPs)
16
Basic Concepts
“An organisation that allows mistakes to be reported without risk of sanctions, allows others ot benefit from the knowledge”
This is the definition of what sort of culture
OPEN CULTURE
611
Basic Concepts
“communication is poor to non-existent, almost secretive, and the sharing of ideas and aspirations does not happen”
This is a definition of what sort of culture
CLOSED CULTURE
16
Basic Concepts
The Reasons Swiss Cheese Model distinguishes what 2 categories of accidents
- INDIVIDUAL
- ORGANISATIONAL
612
Basic Concepts
“The accident usually has limited consequences but may be very damaging to the individual involved”
This is a definition of which of the 2 categories of accident associated to the Swiss Cheese Model
INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENT
612
Basic Concepts
“Multiple causes, involving multiple people. Relatively rare but their effets may be devestating”
This is a definition of which of the 2 categories of accident associated to the Swiss Cheese Model
ORGANISATIONAL ACCIDENT
612
Basic Concepts
In organisational accidents, the industries often have a great number of multi layered defenses in place. This is know as what
DEFENSE IN DEPTH
614
Basic Concepts
Gaps are created in the swiss cheese model what what 2 conditions that could arise
- ACTIVE FAILURES
- LATENT CONDITIONS
- ACTIVE FAILURES
errors and violations of those at the human system interface - LATENT CONDITIONS
Arising from the failure of designers, builders, managers and maintainers to anticipate all possible scenarios
17
Basic Concepts
“Errors and violations of those at the human system interface”
This is a definition of what sort of condition that can arise to form a gap in the swiss cheese model
ACTIVE FAILURE
17
Basic Concepts
“Arised from failure of designers, builders, managers and maintainers to anticipate all possible scenarios”
This is a definition of what sort of condition that can arise to form a gap in the swiss cheese model
LATENT CONDITION
17
Basic Concepts
What are the 5 cultural elements that Dr Reason suggests a safety culture consists of
- INFORMED
- REPORTING
- LEARNING
- JUST
- FLEXIBLE
- REMEMBER “I was informed you reported the learning culture for being just and flexible”
18
Basic Concepts
“cultivating an atmosphere where people have the confidence to report safety concerns without fear of blame”
This is a definition of which of the 5 cultural elements Dr Reason suggests make up a safety culture
REPORTING CULTURE
18
Basic Concepts
“an organisation is able to learn from its mistakes and make changes. It will ensure that people understand the safety management systen (SMS) processes at a personal level”
This is a definition of which of the 5 cultural elements Dr Reason suggests make up a safety culture
LEARNING CULTURE
18
Basic Concepts
“unsafe acts will not be punished if the error was unintentional. However, those who act recklessly or take deliberate or unjustifiable risks will still be subject to disciplinary action”
This is a definition of which of the 5 cultural elements Dr Reason suggests make up a safety culture
JUST CULTURE
18
Basic Concepts
“the organisation collects and analyses relevant data, and actively disseminates safety information”
This is a definition of which of the 5 cultural elements Dr Reason suggests make up a safety culture
INFORMED CULTURE
18
Basic Concepts
“the organisation and the people in it are capable of adapting effectively to changing demands”
This is a definition of which of the 5 cultural elements Dr Reason suggests make up a safety culture
FLEXIBLE CULTURE
18
Basic Concepts
What are the 4 components of a Safety Management System (SMS)
- POLICY AND OBJECTIVES
- RISK MANAGEMENT
- ASSURANCE
- PROMOTION
Basic Concepts
“Entailing the firm commitment and accountability of Senior Management, the appointment of key personnel to run the SMS, appropriate documenation, review boards and action groups, as well as a coordination of emergency response planning”
This is a definition of which of the 4 components that make up an SMS system
POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES
Basic Concepts
“built around the effective identification and reporting of hasards, active risk assessment and mitigation, with rigorous and systematic internal safety investigations by suitably experienced and trained personnel”
This is a definition of which of the 4 components that make up an SMS system
RISK MANAGEMENT
Basic Concepts
“Effective gathering of data to enable safety performance monitoring and measurement, management of change and also the opportunity to continuously improve the functioning of the SMS”
This is a definition of which of the 4 components that make up an SMS system
SAFETY ASSURANCE
Basic Concepts
“Staff should receive safety training and education as appropraite for their own individual safety roles and responsibilities”
This is a definition of which of the 4 components that make up an SMS system
PROMOTION
Basic Concepts
Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of an operational person defines which part of the TEM model
THREAT
20
