09. Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions Flashcards
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
The mental model of the world is constructed using ____ cues, which without we would not be able to perceive its 3 dimensions.
VISUAL CUES
2
313
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
To perceive depth outside of the stereoscopic limit of 60m, a combination of what 3 things in regards to features in or on the landscape help
- ____ : how big
- ____ : sharp or not
- ____ : railway lines disappearing in the distance
- ACTUAL SIZE
- OBSERVABLE DETAIL (near or far objects)
- CONVERGENCE OF LINE FEATURES
2/3
313
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Distant objects move MORE or LESS than near objects
LESS
2
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Distant objects appear MORE or LESS clear than near objects
LESS
2
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
“2 eyes are required to resolve this close up but at distance, relative proportions are used”
This is a definition of what
PERSPECTIVE
2
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
An illusion caused by the eye being deprived of almost all background information which causes lights in the night sky to appear to wander over time
AUTOKINESIS
3
328
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Refer to the following illusion
In this illusion the top line always appears bigger than the bottom line as the brain cannot overcome the power of the rules of perspective. This illusion is known as what
SIZE CONSTANCY
3
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
“we perceive a partially open door to still be rectangular in shap, even though in reality it forms a trapezium, with the angles changing in proportion to how far open the door is”
This is the anme of what constancy, which is closely lined to size constancy
SHAPE CONSTANCY
3
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
A very insidious visual illusion brought on by sloping clouds
FALSE HORIZON
3
331
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
The most important visual task phase of flight carried out by pilots that is most important to understand orientation and judgement of space in relation to the horizon
LANDING
4
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
- An up sloping runway gives the illusion of being HIGH or LOW on approach
- A down sloping runway gives the illusion of being HIGH or LOW on approach
- HIGH
- LOW
REMEMBER
* To go HIGHER we must go UP
* To go LOW we must go DOWN
* i.e. high is associated to UP and low is associated to DOWN
5
337
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
When landing an aircraft and the texture cues of the runway surface are abscent, this can make it extremely difficult to judget what in relation to the runway
HEIGHT
6
315
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
When landing an aircraft and the pilot is using visual cues to judge height i.e. texture of the runway. As the aircraft gets closer to the runway, the texture will pass by FASTER or SLOWER
FASTER
6
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
A narrow runway will make a pilot believe they are HIGHER or LOWER on approach
HIGHER
- Remember distant objects appear smaller
- A narrow runway will appear to be further away
- This will make the pilot feel they are higher
- This will result in a lower approach
6
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
A pilot is approaching a narrow runway, which makes them feel they are higher on approach. This will result in a HIGHER or LOWER approach than normal
LOWER
- Pilot compensates for feeling they are higher on approach
- Remember distant objects appear smaller
- A narrow runway will appear to be further away
- This will make the pilot feel they are higher
- This will result in a lower approach
6
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
A wider runway will make the pilot believe they are HIGHER or LOWER on approach
LOWER
- Remember distant objects appear smaller
- Where as nearer objects are bigger
- A wider runway will appear to be closer than it is
- This will make the pilot feel they are lower
- This will result in a higher approach
6
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
A pilot is approaching a wider runway, which makes them feel they are lower on approach. This will result in a HIGHER or LOWER approach than normal
HIGHER
- Remember distant objects appear smaller
- Where as nearer objects are bigger
- A wider runway will appear to be closer than it is
- This will make the pilot feel they are lower
- This will result in a higher approach
6
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
A known issue when converting from an aircraft from a lower flight deck to a higher one, or from a smaller aircraft to a larger aircraft is a pilot will taxi to FAST or SLOW
FAST
6
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
“a particular effect that occurs during approaches on dark nights without visual references, where the runway can appear further away than it actually is”
This is a definition of what effect/illusion
BLACK HOLE EFFECT
7
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
What is the best countermeasure to avoiding the black hole illusions when making a landing approach at night
AVOID STRAIGHT AND LONG APPROACHES
- Fly to the landing area/airport at a known safe alttitude
- Descent and fly a normal approach pattern
7
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
What condition can exacerbate the black hole effect
RAIN ON WINDSCREEN
- Rain on windscreen makes pilot feel to high on approach
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Rain on the windscreen can make a pilot feel they are to HIGH or LOW on approach
HIGH
7
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
What illusion can occur when penetrating mist or fog in terms of attitude
PITCHING UP
- can cause the pilot to steepen their approach quite abruptly
7
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Visual approaches to runways are flown to aim to a touchdown point how many meters from the threashold to avoid the wheels touching down before the runway
300m
7
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
An aircraft that is on a collision course will maintain a constant ____ and will remain stationary in the windscreen, in comparision to an aircraft not on a collision course, which will move across the windscreen
RELATIVE BEARING
8
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
- An aircraft not on a collision course will MOVE or NOT MOVE across the windscreen
- An aircraft on a collision course will MOVE or NOT MOVE across the windscreen
- MOVE
- NOT MOVE
8
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
The eye continuously making small movements (jerks) back and forth, this is known as what
SACCADES
9
328
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
The Fovea being centralised in the eye and having the highest level of visual acutiy. Therefore, what must a pilot do with their eyes in flight to be sure to see fine detail of other aircraft or visual reference points
SCAN FIELD OF VIEW
9
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
How long does a saccade cycle take
THIRD OF A SECOND
9
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Without anything to focus on, the eye will relaxy and naturally focus on a point how many meters away
1-2 METERS
10
131
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
“Unless the eye is forced to focus on distant objects such as clouds, otherwise visible targets may not be identified because they are blurred and out of focus”
This is a definition of what condition
EMPTY FIELD MYOPIA
10
131
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
The overcome the effects of empty field myopia, pilots are conditioned to make deliberate scans with their eyes in overlapping sectors. How many degress overlap should there be
10°
10
133
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
At night, most vision is detected by which part of the eye
PERIPHERAL
- Cones are concentrated at the center, decreasing into the peripheral
- Rods pick up light and dark in the peripheral
- Cones are not contributing at night, so peripheral vision is more sensitive
- It is therefore recommended that at night, not to look straight at an object but slightly off center
10
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
What is short sigtedness known as
MYOPIA
135
Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Illusions
Long sightedness is known as
HYPEROPIA
135
If PAPI, VASI, and ILS are missing on approach, how will we subconsciosly judge the approach angle
COMPARE RUNWAY TO HORIZON
4
336
