10. Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

Question 1

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

The brain will fall back on memory and experience to build a model of a situation if there are not enough what references

Answer 1

VISUAL REFERENCES

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Question 2

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

1. When in non accelerated/decelerated straight and level flight or stationary on the ground, the pressure receptors (proprioceptors) are only influenced by which force.
2. When the aircraft accelerates or decelerates, what additional forces start coming into effect

Answer 2

1. GRAVITY
2. G-FORCES

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Question 3

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

In a coordinated, balanced turn, when the turn ball is centralised, there will be no additional ‘what’ forces as a result of there needing to be additional pitch up to maintain height

Answer 3

G-FORCES

• no additional G-forces as the turn is coordinated. A pitch up to keep the height, means there is no slipping or skidding of the aircraft
• as a result, as the turn rolls out, this may give the effect to the pilot is in a dive

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Question 4

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

When a pilot is in a coordinated balanced turn and they are rolling out, what might they feel like the aircraft is doing as a result of reduced G force

Answer 4

DIVING / PITCHING DOWN

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Question 5

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

Spatial orientation is determined by the use of the vestibular system using signals from what 4 other sense sources to form an overall picture

Answer 5

1. VISION
2. HEARING
3. PROPRIOCEPTION (RECEPTORS)
4. MEMORY

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Question 6

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

What is the most powerful sense for determining spatial orientation

Answer 6

VISION

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Question 7

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what”

This is a definition of what sort of illusion

Answer 7

SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION

EXAMPLE

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Question 8

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

A forward acceleration makes you feel like you are pitching UP or DOWN

Answer 8

UP

EXAMPLE

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Question 9

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

A deceleration makes you feel like you are pitching UP or DOWN

Answer 9

DOWN

EXAMPLE

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Question 10

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“The forces sensed by the subcutaneous pressure receptors, together with responses from muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body parts, gives a sense of orientation called propriception, commonly known as what”

This is a definition of what

The name given to mechanoreceptors sensing 1g and telling your body you are sitting up

Answer 10

SEAT OF THE PANTS SENSE

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Question 11

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

1. Forces in the body sensed by ____, together with responses from muscles, tendons, and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body parts, gives us a sense of orientation.
2. This is called ____, commonly referred to as “seat of the pants” flying

Answer 11

1. SUBCUTANEOUS PRESSURE RECEPTORS
2. PROPRICEPTION

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Question 12

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“A vestibular illusion concerned with roll, which can result in an illusioned commonly know as the leans”

This is a definition of what illusion

Answer 12

SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSION

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Question 13

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

The common name of a somatogyral illusion in which the pilot has an overpowering sense of gently rolling/banking despite the aircraft being straight and level

Typically would happen in a slow turn without visual references, in which the rate of roll is so small that the semicircular canals cannot sense it

Answer 13

THE LEANS

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Question 14

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

A pilot recovering from a spin may have a strong sensation of what

Answer 14

TURNING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE SPIN

SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSION

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Question 15

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“The ears balancing mechanism being stimulated by a person moving their head during a steady turn can create an illusion known as cross-coupled stimulation”

1. Cross couple stimulation is more commonly known as what effect
2. The above illusion is a cause of what

Answer 15

1. CORIOLIS
2. VERTIGO

• A condition brought on as a result of a disorder of the vestibular system that gives a sense of whirling, spinning, or tumbling
• Vertigo can induce motion sickness and result in nausea and vomiting

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Question 16

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

The 6 conditions predisposing to spatial disorientation are;

[ ] TRANSFERRING FROM VMC TO IMC
[ ] AFTER LANDING
[ ] FLYING VMC WHEN EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ARE UNRELIABLE
[ ] AFTER AEROBATICS
[ ] BEFORE TAKE-OFF
[ ] MOVING HEAD WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS TURNING
[ ] COLD WEATHER
[ ] LACK OF FLYING PRACTICE
[ ] HOT WEATHER
[ ] AFTER FORMATION FLYING

Answer 16

[X] TRANSFERRING FROM VMC TO IMC
[ ] AFTER LANDING
[X] FLYING VMC WHEN EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ARE UNRELIABLE
[X] AFTER AEROBATICS
[ ] BEFORE TAKE-OFF
[X] MOVING HEAD WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS TURNING
[ ] COLD WEATHER
[X] LACK OF FLYING PRACTICE
[ ] HOT WEATHER
[X] AFTER FORMATION FLYING

6

Question 17

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

The best means to combat disorientation, in particular when flying in IMC, is to trust your INSTRUMENTS or SEAT-OF-THE-PANTS

Answer 17

INSTRUMENTS

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Question 18

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

What external influence is under the control of the pilot and should be avoided in order to combat disorientation in flight as its effects can continue to affect the inner ear for several Up to 3) days after consumption.

Answer 18

ALCOHOL

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Question 19

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“the body senses acceleration but the inner bulk head of the aircraft is stationary. This is the datum that a passenger will see particularly when sitting in an isle seat, which causes a mismatch of the senses. “

This is a defintion of what ailment

Answer 19

AIR SICKNESS / MOTION SICKNESS

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Question 20

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

Air sickness can be brought on when the body, specifically the skull, is vibrated at low frequences of less than ____ Hz

Answer 20

0.5 Hz

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Question 21

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

Motion sickness can cause what 7 things;

[ ] HEADACHE
[ ] NAUSEA
[ ] INTENSE HUNGER
[ ] SALIVATION
[ ] VOMITING
[ ] HYPERVENTILATION
[ ] FEVER
[ ] APATHY
[ ] DROWSINESS
[ ] PALLOR AND COLD SWEATS
[ ] HYPOXIA

Not all symptoms come at once

Answer 21

[ ] HEADACHE
[X] NAUSEA
[ ] INTENSE HUNGER
[X] SALIVATION
[X] VOMITING
[X] HYPERVENTILATION
[ ] FEVER
[X] APATHY
[X] DROWSINESS
[X] PALLOR AND COLD SWEATS
[ ] HYPOXIA

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Question 22

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

One method for passengers to overcome the effects of motion sickness is to do what 2 things

Answer 22

1. CLOSE EYES
2. KEEP HEAD STILL

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Question 23

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

What is the most common drug used to help overcome the effects of motion sickness

Answer 23

HYOSCINE

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Question 24

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

What are the 3 symptoms of vertigo;

[ ] OVER HEATING
[ ] WHIRLING
[ ] SPINNING
[ ] MOTION SICKNESS
[ ] PITCHING
[ ] TUMBLING

Answer 24

[ ] OVER HEATING
[X] WHIRLING
[X] SPINNING
[ ] MOTION SICKNESS
[ ] PITCHING
[X] TUMBLING

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Question 25

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“On a single engined propeller driven aircraft, bright sunlight flashing through the blades can induce the sensation of vertigo known as what”

This is a definition of what type of vertigo

Answer 25

FLICKER VERTIGO

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Question 26

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“On a single engined propeller driven aircraft, bright sunlight flashing through the blades can induce the sensation of vertigo known flicker vertigo. The same sensation can happen with flickering lights from other sources such as strobe lights”

What frequencies of flashes a second and higher can cause most problems with flicker vertigo

Answer 26

4 to 20

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Question 27

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

“a condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation caused by contradictory impulses to the central nervous system (CNS)”

This is a definition of what type of vertigo

Answer 27

PILOTS VERTIGO

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Question 28

Integrating the Sensory Inputs, Spatial Orientation, Vertigo

Apart from causing motion sickness, vibration at low frequencies can have other effects due to resonance of the various parts. What are the frequencies for each of the following’

1. Interference with breahting | ____ Hz
2. Chest and abdominal pain | ____ Hz
3. Backache | ____ Hz
4. Headaches, eye strain, pain in the throat, speech disturbance & muscular tension | ____ Hz

Answer 28

1. 1 to 4 Hz
2. 4 to 10 Hz
3. 8 to 12 Hz
4. 10 to 20 Hz

• The overall range is 1 - 100 Hz

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