16. Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills Flashcards
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
What are the 3 types of memory;
[ ] Congnitive Memory
[ ] Acquired Memory
[ ] Sensory Store
[ ] Working Memory
[ ] Adaptive Memory
[ ] Long Term Memory
[ ] Congnitive Memory
[ ] Acquired Memory
[X] Sensory Store
[X] Working Memory
[ ] Adaptive Memory
[X] Long Term Memory
2
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The sensory store has memory retention of;
[ ] 2 - 3 seconds
[ ] 5 - 10 seconds
[ ] 15 - 30 seconds
[ ] 30 seconds to 1 minute
[ ] Indefinite
[X] 2 - 3 seconds
[ ] 5 - 10 seconds
[ ] 15 - 30 seconds
[ ] 30 seconds to 1 minute
[ ] Indefinite
2
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The working memory has memory retention of;
[ ] 2 - 3 seconds
[ ] 5 - 10 seconds
[ ] 15 - 30 seconds
[ ] 30 seconds to 1 minute
[ ] Indefinite
[ ] 2 - 3 seconds
[ ] 5 - 10 seconds
[X] 15 - 30 seconds
[ ] 30 seconds to 1 minute
[ ] Indefinite
2
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The Long Term memory has memory retention of;
[ ] 2 - 3 seconds
[ ] 5 - 10 seconds
[ ] 15 - 30 seconds
[ ] 30 seconds to 1 minute
[ ] Indefinite
[ ] 2 - 3 seconds
[ ] 5 - 10 seconds
[ ] 15 - 30 seconds
[ ] 30 seconds to 1 minute
[X] Indefinite
2
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Working memory has the ability to retain up to how many bits of information +/- 2;
[ ] 10
[ ] 5
[ ] 15
[ ] 8
[ ] 10
[X] 5
[ ] 15
[ ] 8
- working memory has a retention period of around 15-30 seconds
- It can retained 5 bits of information +/- 2
2
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Sensory memory is specific to each sense organ, so there is a sensory memory for vision and a sensory store for auditory information.
- The visiion sensory memory store is known as ICONIC or ECHOIC memory
- The auditory sensory memory store is known as ICONIC or ECHOIC memory
- ICONIC
- ECHOIC
3
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
- Iconic memory lasts for approximately 0.5 or 8 seconds
- Echoic memory lasts for approximately 0.5 or 8 seconds
- 0.5 SEC
- 8 SEC
3
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The iconic and echoic memory stores allow you to do what with the sensory inputs received when, as example, if listening to a radio message we realise half way through it was intended for us
PLAY BACK
- Half way through a radio message from ATC, we may realise the message was intended for us
- Although we may not be able ot recall all that was said, we are often able to “play back” some of the message from memory
3
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Which memory state contains the information you are consciously thinking about now;
[ ] Sensory store
[ ] Working memory
[ ] Long term memory
[ ] Immediate access memory
[ ] Sensory store
[X] Working memory
[ ] Long term memory
[ ] Immediate access memory
4
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
How can data be retained longer in short term memory
REHEARSING IT
- It is easier to rehearse words than visual information
- Verbal inputs tend to be retained longer than visual images as a result
- Rehearsing can lead to errors transposing numbers i.e. 117.5 becomes 115.7
4
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
VISUAL or VERBAL inputs tend to be retained longer in short term memory
VERBAL
- It is easier to rehearse words than visual information
- Verbal inputs tend to be retained longer than visual images as a result
- Rehearsing can lead to errors transposing numbers i.e. 117.5 becomes 115.7
4
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
What is the method of extending working memory by grouping pieces of information together
CHUNKING
5
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Long term memory is divided into what 2 functionally different types of memory
- DECLARATIVE
- NON-DECLARATIVE
6
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Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The widely accepted theory states that long term memory comprises of what 3 seperate but linked information stores;
[ ] Recall memory
[ ] Long term memory
[ ] De ja vu
[ ] Episodic memory
[ ] Semantic memory
[ ] Procedural memory
[ ] Recall memory
[ ] Long term memory
[ ] De ja vu
[X] Episodic memory
[X] Semantic memory
[X] Procedural memory
6
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“stores autobiographical information such as the places you have been, holidays, people you have met”
This is the definition of what long term memory type
EPISODIC MEMORY
6
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“stores general knowledge such as the meaning of words, facts, meanings of things and is generally independant of personal experience”
This is the definition of what long term memory type
SEMANTIC MEMORY
6
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“sometimes known as motor memory, stores information which cannot be described consciously, for example riding a bike”
This is the definition of what long term memory type
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
6
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
- Semantic and Episodic memory are DECLARATIVE or NON DECLARATIVE memory
- Procedural memory is DECLARATIVE or NON DECLARATIVE memory
- DECLARATIVE
- NON-DECLARATIVE
6
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“It is easier to recall information within a particular context. For example, it might be easier to recall an image of what the B737 fire switches look like if imagining yourself sat in the cockpit looking down at the console”
This is the definition of what long term memory retrieval technique
ASSOCIATION
7
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“30 days have September, April, June and November. East is least and West is best”
This is the definition of what long term memory retrieval technique
CATCH PHRASE and RHYMES
7
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“using a word or string of letters such as FREDA (Fuel, Radio, Engine, Direction Indicator, Altimeter) can be used to provide cues which stimulate the ability to recall each item”
This is the definition of what long term memory retrieval technique
MNEMONICS
7
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“A type of mentral training. Involves repeated rehearsal of a procedure,a ction or skill. A particularly effective form of training often applied in aviation such as hours doing touch and go landings”
This is the definition of what long term memory retrieval technique
OVER LEARNING
7
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
What are the 4 most important processes in which learning is achieved;
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Negative conditioning
[ ] Positive conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
[ ] Knowledge transfer
[X] Classic conditioning
[ ] Negative conditioning
[ ] Positive conditioning
[X] Operant conditioning
[X] Learning by insight
[X] Learning by imitation
[ ] Knowledge transfer
- pearning is the process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behaviour as a result of experience
8
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“relatively permanent changes are made in behaviour as a result of our experience”
This is a definition of what
LEARNING
8
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Passive learning by association is a form of which learning;
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
[X] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
- Classic conditioning is learning by association
- For example, pavlovs dog learned to associate the bell with food and started to drool
- In this type of learning a response to one kind of stimulus comes to be associated or paired with another stimulus
9
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
A form of active learning i.e. “if I do X, then Y will happen”. Arises from learning in which voluntary (deliberate) behaviour becomes more or less likely to be repeated such as a students response to instructor inputs is which form of learning
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
[ ] Classic conditioning
[X] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
- In response to encouragement from their instructor, a student pilot becomes more likely to make the final R/T call at the correct point in the circuit
- In response to strong discouragement from their instructor, a student pilot is less likely to allow speed to decay below target on final approach
10
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The ability to make quicker, insighful connections between events and desirable responses - a cognitive process is which form of learning;
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[X] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
- Trial and error can be categorised under this type of learning
- Insightful moment where “the penny drops” and we suddenly understand a concept we previously were struggling to get to grips with
11
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Where an instructor demonstrates a take-off and as a student you then subsequently copy the actions and perform a take-off is known as which form of learning;
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[ ] Learning by imitation
[ ] Classic conditioning
[ ] Operant conditioning
[ ] Learning by insight
[X] Learning by imitation
11
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Learning by imitation is frequently used in aviation. What is another name of learning by imitation goes by
MODELLING
11
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“refers to the behaviour that is driven by internal rewards. Learning is enhanced by the learners internal feeling of satisfaction”
This is a definition of what factor which affects learning
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“the long term and short term condition of this will likely have a detrimental effect upon the learning process”
This is a definition of what factor which affects learning
GOOD MENTAL HEALTH
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
““repeating information over and over helps to store information in either the short (working) or long term memory”*
This is a definition of what factor which affects learning
REHEARSALS
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“The quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. It has also been defined as sentience, awareness and the ability to experience”
This is a definition of what factor which affects learning
CONSCIOUSNESS
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“relates to an individuals ability to pay close attention to an area of stimulation over a continuous period, which can be highly degraded by distractions and fatigue”
This is a definition of what factor which affects learning
VIGILANCE
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
What is the term used to describe the initiation, direction and energisation of human behaviour
MOTIVATION
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Learning will be enhanced if a student is said to be what
MOTIVATED
- This does not factor in external influences such as lack of motivation arising from incompetent, dull or uninspiring instruction
12
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
In the relationship between arousal and performance, the optimum level of arousal for a difficult task is MORE or LESS than an easy one
LESS
- Motivation is a key factor influencing performance
- An optimal level of arousal maximises motivation
- Complex tasks required a higher level of motivation than simple ones
13
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
In the relationship between motivation and performance, the optimum level of motivation INCREASES or DECREASES as the difficulty of the task increases
INCREASES
- This is true up to the optimum level of motivation
- After this point, performance will significantly drop off
- Motivation is a key factor influencing performance
- An optimal level of arousal maximises motivation
- Complex tasks required a higher level of motivation than simple ones
13
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
High levels of motivation, anxiety or arousal causes what in regards to attention
NARROWING OF ATTENTION
- attention narrows to a point that it becomes selective
- Motivation is a key factor influencing performance
- An optimal level of arousal maximises motivation
- Complex tasks required a higher level of motivation than simple ones
13
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
As we age, response times to stimuli tend to get FASTER or SLOWER and MORE or LESS accurate
- SLOWER
- MORE ACCURATE
14
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The optimum level of motivation and arousal is proportional to what
EXPERIENCE
- The difficulty of a task is closely related to levels of experience
- This can lead to the conclusion that a junior low hours pilot will be more motivated and require higher levels of arousal to complete a given task than an experienced captain
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
As per the Andersons model, skills are learned in what 3 stages;
[ ] Cognitive
[ ] Reading
[ ] Associative
[ ] Autonomous
[ ] Acquired
[1] Cognitive
[ ] Reading
[2] Associative
[3] Autonomous
[ ] Acquired
- REMEMBER The CAA teach us skills
15
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Align each of the definitions to the respective stage of skill learning with the stages being cognitive, associative, autonomous;
- Ability to discard some of the theoretical procedures in favour of short cuts. The skill becomes internalised [ ]
- Being taught the rules and then being able to recount the rules in application [ ]
- Applying the rules, repeating and rehearsing [ ]
- Ability to discard some of the theoretical procedures in favour of short cuts. The skill becomes internalised [AUTONOMOUS]
- Being taught the rules and then being able to recount the rules in application [COGNITIVE]
- Applying the rules, repeating and rehearsing [ASSOCIATIVE]
15
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Align each of the definitions to the respective stage of skill learning with the stages being cognitive, associative, autonomous;
- Theoretical knowledge is acquired in what phase
- Skill is practiced in what phase
- The skill is polished, perfected and internalised in what phase
- COGNITIVE
- ASSOCIATIVE
- AUTONOMOUS
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Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
“an autonomous stage of skill that has developed to a point that many of the actions involving routine sequences of movements can be executed without conscious control. The only conscious decision is to initiate the skill”
What is this the definition of
MOTOR PROGRAMMES
- When raising the gear after take off, we do not consciously think about the actions involved to lean forward and move the handle up
- The conscious decision is made to raise the gear, but otherwise actions involved in doing so are automatic
17
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
- Motor programmes that can be executed without conscious thought are categorised as a SKILLS-BASED or RULE-BASED behaviour
- Behaviours for which a prcedure has been learned is categorised as a SKILLS BASED or RULE-BASED behaviour
- Mental Schemas are a SKILLS BASED or RULE-BASED behaviour
- SKILLS-BASED
- RULE-BASED
- RULE-BASED
17
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
At what stage during the execution are Motor Programms vulnerable to error
INITIATION STAGE
18
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Actions for which there are no motor programs or procedures for are said to be a ____ behaviour
KNOWLEDGE-BASED
- Knowledge-based behaviour requires evaluation of a new situation using previous knowledge and experience
- Knowlege-based behaviours require the pilot to evaluate a new situation and use knowledge and expeirence to make a plan
- An example would be an unexpected weather front ahead of the aircraft. The pilot will use experience to make a plan to avoid the dangerous clouds
18
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
The 3 types of behaviours which can be used either consciously or subconsciously in the execution of a task are;
[ ] Instinctively based
[ ] Skills based
[ ] Rule based
[ ] Procedurally based
[ ] Knowledge based
[ ] Instructively based
[ ] Instinctively based
[X] Skills based
[X] Rule based
[ ] Procedurally based
[X] Knowledge based
[ ] Instructively based
19
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Elements of feedback which are carried out at a conscious level in the execution of a task are carried out by the CENTRAL DECISION MAKER or COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE
CENTRAL DECISION MAKER
- Problems can occur when the central decision maker becomes busy with another task
- Under these circumstances the brain may fail to monitor the motor programme and may not notice an action taken
19
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Common errors in the cockpit occur as a result of the ____ becoming distracted, which leads to failure to monitor motor programmes such i.e. raising the flaps instead of the gear
CENTRAL DECISION MAKER
- Problems can occur when the central decision maker becomes busy with another task
- Under these circumstances the brain may fail to monitor the motor programme and may not notice an action taken
19
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
- Rule-based behaviour ARE or ARE NOT motor programmes
- Rule-based behaviours are stored in SHORT or LONG term memory
- Rule-based behaviour are known to be very RELIABLE or UNRELIABLE
- ARE NOT
- LONG TERM
- RELIABLE
- Errors associated with long term memory include the inability to recall information at all or incorrect recall i.e. in the wrong order
- rule based behaviours are often laid out in checklists, practiced frequently
20
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
Habit contributing as a major cause of error in skill-based behaviour is known as what
ENVIRONMENTAL CAPTURE
20
Memory, Learning, Acquiring Skills
SKILL-BASED or RULE-BASED behaviour are subject to the same errors associated with long term memory
RULE-BASED
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