15. Perception Flashcards
Perception
The name of the theory that deals with our perception and organisation
GESTALT
1
Perception
When the brain receives signals from the visual cortex it is building a ____ of the exterior world around us
MENTAL MODEL
2
282
Perception
The process of mental modeling and perception can vary person to person based on what 2 factors
[ ] The Individual
[ ] Age
[ ] Education
[ ] Past Experience
[ ] Time of day
[X] The Individual
[ ] Age
[ ] Education
[X] Past Experience
[ ] Time of day
2
282
Perception
When we look upon an object we are able to associate a number of characteristics such as how it feels to touch, how heavy it is etc.. this happens in the brain CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY
SUBCONSCIOUSLY
2
282
Perception
- An illusion caused by the misinterpretation of sensory inputs is called what
- Faulty mental models are the prime cause of what type of illusion
- COGNITIVE ILLUSION
- COGNITIVE ILLUSION
2
282
Perception
____% of the information we process enters via the visual channel
70%
2
Perception
What are the 2 types of perceptual processing
- TOP DOWN
- BOTTOM UP
3
288
Perception
- Top down processing is based on SENSORY INFORMATION or PAST EXPERIENCE
- Bottom up processing is based on SENSORY INFORMATION or PAST EXPERIENCE
- PAST EXPERIENCE
- SENSORY INFORMATION
- Top down processing is influenced by our expectations, knowledge, and even the contect in which information is presented
- For example, its a very cold day and we see a radiator. We will perceive it as being on and therefore hot, so approach it cautiously
- The same radiator seen on a very hot day will be perceived as being off and therefore likely to be cold
- Bottom up processes is the way in which the brain uses retinal image formed to intepret lines, patterns, planes etc.. of structures i.e. looking at the object and realising its a radiator
- This combines with the top down processes to complete the model
3
Perception
The perceptual process is very dynamic. When confronted with a new or ambigious scene the brain quickly constructs a model and applies it. If the model appears faulty, what will the brain do
RE-ADJUST THE MODEL UNTIL IT FITS WITH WHAT IT PERCEIVES TO BE REALITY
- Example, the cube with an X in top corner can either be perceived as X marking front top left or back top left
- The brain will keep changing the perception as it cannot determine which one is correct
4
Perception
The process of constructing mental models is very ____
DYNAMIC
5
Perception
The brains ability to perceive an object as the same object throughout a wide variety of viewing conditions i.e. coping with apparent changes in size, detail and colour, is known as what
VISUAL CONSTANCY
5
289
Perception
“we perceive what we expect to perceive and not neccessarily what is actually there”
This is the definition of what
EXPECTANCY / PERCEPTUAL SET
- This can cause problems when we first encounter something new or unfamiliar
- Mental models can be influenced by expectancy i.e. what we expect to see or hear
6
297
Perception
“The physical size of a persons image on your retina will change considerably with distance but the brain automatically scales up and scales down the image”
This is the definition of what sort of constancy
SIZE CONSTANCY
7
Perception
“To your eye a familiar person will not change colour as they walk out into thesunlight from an artificially lit room. Similarly, white paper will always look whiter and brighter than a lump of coal, even when the coal is brightly lit and actually reflecting more light than the white paper”
This is a definition of what constancy
COLOUR AND BRIGHTNESS
7
Perception
“The shape of a familiar face will change constantly depending on the angle from which it is viewed. To your eye the face is the same face from whatever angle it is viewed”
This is the definition of what constancy
SHAPE CONSTANCY
7
Perception
What are 3 forms of visual constancy
[ ] SHAPE
[ ] DISTANCE OF OBJECT
[ ] COLOUR and BRIGHTNESS
[ ] MATERIAL OF OBJECT
[ ] SIZE
[X] SHAPE
[ ] DISTANCE OF OBJECT
[X] COLOUR and BRIGHTNESS
[ ] MATERIAL OF OBJECT
[X] SIZE
- Shape, colour, brightness and size help to establish the distance and material
7
Perception
When visual constancies are applied, the brain constructs a mental model of what the scene ____ rather than ____
- SHOULD LOOK LIKE
- WHAT IT DOES LOOK LIKE
7
Perception
Which of the visual constancies is particularly important in aviation, especially in the final stages of a visual approach
SIZE CONSTANCY
- In initiating the landing flare, a pilot will be using retinal size as one of the cues for judging height above the runway
- They wil lalready have an idea of what the runway looks like at flare height
- This idea comes from a store of knowledge (mental model)
8
Perception
What 2 weather condition can dramatically affect depth perception
FOG or MIST
9
Perception
The primary driver of depth perception in regards to an object are what 2 things
[ ] Size
[ ] Clarity
[ ] Colour
[ ] Material
[X] Size
[X] Clarity
[ ] Colour
[ ] Material
9
Perception
- Objects that are hazy and indistinct in colour are perceived as CLOSE UP or DISTANT
- Objects that are clear and well defined in colour are perceived as CLOSE UP or DISTANT
- DISTANT
- CLOSE UP
- Mist and fog obscure colour, so objects will appear further away than they actually are
9
Perception
A common illusion in visual cruise flight where mountains at a distance appear above the aircraft when they are not
ELAVATION OF RELATIVE ALTITUDE
9
Perception
When landing an aircraft, when texture cues are abscent, what can be difficult to judge
HEIGHT
10
Perception
What is a known risk when converting from an aircraft from a lower flight deck to a higher one (smaller to larger aircraft)
TAXY TO FAST
11
Perception
The brain will instinctively use what to make judgements about speed
RELATIVE MOVEMENT
11
Perception
- An up sloping runway gives the illusion of being HIGH or LOW on approach
- A down sloping runway gives the illusion of being HIGH or LOW on approach
- HIGH
- LOW
- REMEMBER
- To go HIGH we must go UP
- To go LOW we must go DOWN
12/13
337
Perception
- When approaching a down sloping runway, you will tend to be HIGH or LOW on approach
- When approaching an up sloping runway, you will tend to be HIGH or LOW on approach
- HIGH
- LOW
- REMEMBER
- An up sloping gives the impression you are high on approach, so you will tend to correct by going lower
- A down sloping gives the impression you are low on approach, so you will tend to correct by going higher
12/13
337
Perception
“the predisposition to perceive particular features of a stimulus”
This is the definition of what
EXPECTANCY
13
Perception
Once a mental model of a world has been constructed, it is not easy to persaud the mind to change it. We tend to give undue weight to information that confirms the model. This is known as what
CONFIRMATION BIAS
- people’s tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with their existing beliefs
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