18 Flashcards
What does cognitive psychology explore?
How people in their relationships with the world like to be active, explore, manipulate, control, create and accomplish things
What does cognition mean?
Process of knowing
Mental functions
In cognition, 2 categories of representation can be identified. Name them.
1) EPISODIC 📺 memory (visual & auditory images)
2) SEMANTIC 🗣 memory (abstract reps the meaning of things eg. Language comprehention)
Alzheimers has been known to impact which memory?
Semantic
By impairing ability to name objects + pictures
What are “personal constructs”?
People’s criteria, hypothesis or “filters”
Is cognition or “the process of knowing” an element of personality?
No, cognitive theorists believe it IS THE ENTIRE personality.
All cognitive theorists subscribe to 5 main assumptions. Name them.
1) understand HOW INFO is processed
2) continuous PROCESS OF DECISION MAKING
3) people are ACTIVE GATHERERS OF INFO
4) human behaviour is INTRINSICALLY GOAL DIRECTED
5) cognitive SCHEMAS used to make sense
Which view from classical behaviourists do the cognitive movement reject?
That people react passively
What is the Freudian meaning of “transference”?
How people transfer their mental representations or other social constructs from memory of significant others to define themselves and their relationship with new people
Under self-construct in cognitive perspectives, what is meant with “core roles”?
When the “self”
is subordinate to constructs
that concern essential interactions
with other people
The roles people assume on the basis of how they think others perceive their core constructs
What are “core constructs”?
Those constructs
that are so basic to a person’s functioning that they can only be changed
with serious consequences for the rest of the construct system
What are “peripheral constructs”?
They are opposed to core constructs
Have less relevance to a person’s sense of self
What is cognitive dissonance?
Occurs when 1 cognitive element implies the opposite of another cognitive element
Explain “Equity Theory”.
Individuals compares
their perceived input to output ratio with that of others.
This perception of equity
impacts on motivation + employee behaviour.
Different cultures have different views in equity
Kelly identified 3 constructs that are not readily available to awareness. Name them.
1) PREVERBAL constructs
(Diff to identify - formed before person
acquires language)
2) SUBMERGED constructs
(Personal construct less available to awareness
due to intolerable implications to individual)
3) SUSPENDED constructs
(Similar to repression but remembers what is structured and forgets what is unstructured - rather than remembering what is pleasant and forgetting what is unpleasant)
Name 2 defence mechanisms Prescott Lecky defined.
IDENTIFICATION
the attempt to unify the self-concept
with the views of others
by assimilating + imitating the opinion of others
RESISTANCE
the response to counter reorganisation of constructs.
Kelly’s theory of the structure of personality is based on ….
The assumption of
constructive alternativism
Mischel, a cognitive theorist described the person in 5 person variables. Name them.
1) Construction Competencies
What does a person know / skills
2) Encoding Strategies Eg. Maths class boring to one but scary to another
3) Expectancies
What will happen in given situation
4) Goals and Subjective values
Influence thereof on outcome
5) Self-control Systems + Plans
Own Standards to regulate own behaviour
What are “meaning structures” in cognition?
Explains why people perceive the same situation differently
McReynolds called basic concept units ….. and not constructs.
Percepts
Human personality consists of 2 processes. What are they?
1) OBTAINING + RECEIVING percepts
2) ASSIMILATING + INTEGRATING them
What is perceptualisation?
The combined process of
obtaining and receiving percepts
+
assimilating and intergrating them
What is an inconsistency within construct systems known as?
Cognitive dissonance
Miller formulated a theory of cognition based on 2 major concepts. Name them.
IMAGES - all organised knowledge about yourself + your world
PLAN - hierarchy process that controls order of operations
Plans are normally tested against an ……
Image and executed
Piaget named the basic structures of the mind ……
Schemata (schemas)
Form a framework into which incoming info fit
Who was the first theorists, born in SA to recognise the importance of interpersonal relationships in maintaining maladaptive behaviour?
Lazarus
Lazarus developed a set of clinical strategies called ….
Multimodal Behaviour Therapy
also
BASIC-ID
B - behaviour A - affect S - sensation I - imagery (eg. memory) C - cognition I - interpersonal relationships D - drugs (neurological+biochemical factors)
Kelly’s personal constructs is also known as ….
Templates of reality
Kelly proposed 3 constructs as part of Personal-Construct theory. Name them.
1) PRE-EMPTIVE : rigid / fundamental beliefs
2) CONSTELLATORY : more flexible thinking
3) PROPOSITIONAL : allowing to change opinion