14.7 Development, Growth Of Personality

Question 1

Did Adler agree with the Psychoanalytic theory of Development?

Answer 1

No, he did not view the infant as a small sexual animal but rather helpless. These feelings of helplessness and inferiority motivate individual to overcome them.

Question 2

Freud defined 5 stages in psychosexual development. Name them.

Answer 2

1) Oral (age 0-1,5)
2) Anal (age 1-3)
3) Phallic (age 2-6)
4) Latency (age 5-12)
5) Genital (puberty upwards)

Question 3

Which personality type is associated with the Oral stage in psychosexual development?

Answer 3

Oral-dependent type:
Cheerful, optimistic, seeks approval

Oral-aggressive type:
Argumentative, “bitingly sarcastic, pessimistic, cynical

Question 4

Which personality type can be associated with Anal stage in psychosexual development?

Answer 4

Anal-retentive type: obstinate (refusing to change views), orderly, punctual, intolerant of ambiguity (dubbelsinnigheid)

Anal-expulsive type: destructive, impulsive, cruel, disorderly, sees others as object to possess.

Question 5

Which personality types can be associated with the Phallic stage of psychosexual development?

Answer 5

Phallic male: boastful, Don Juan, tries to win others over

Phallic female: flirtatious, seductive, naive

Question 6

Which personality types can be associated with the Genital stage of psychosexual development?

Answer 6

Genital type: this is the ideal character type. Person has developed mature socialsexual relationships

Question 7

The Psychoanalytic Theory of Development is based on 2 premises. What are they?

Answer 7

• Childhood experiences play a critical role in shaping adult personality + gender identification
• Certain amount of sexual energy is present at birth and continues to progress through stages

Question 8

Psychosexual development is biologically determined and occurs in the same sequence in all cultures. What is the result if a stage is not completely resolved?

Answer 8

Fixation. This refers to being stranded in the tasks of a previous stage.

Question 9

Explain the Oedipus conflict.

Answer 9

This is a task from the Phallic stage. It relates to a boy’s sense to compete with his father for the mother’s affection.

The opposite is the Electra complex where a girl has the sense to compete with her mother for her father’s affection.

Question 10

Childhood is characterised by 2 needs. What are they?

Answer 10

Basic needs (food ect)
Need for safety

Question 11

Jung emphasised the notion of Individuation. Explain.

Answer 11

The process of becoming differentiated as an individual.

Question 12

When does Individuation occur according to Jung?

Answer 12

Throughout life

with its peak in adulthood around middle age.

Question 13

What is the peak of Individuation characterised by?

Answer 13

Increased growth and transformation through self-exploration + the discovery of inner resources.

Question 14

Jung was the first to define introversion and extraversion. Define.

Answer 14

Introversion - state or tendency to being predominantly concerned with and interested in one’s own mental life

Extraversion - act, state or habit of being predominantly concerned with obtaining gratification from outside the self

Question 15

What is the MBTI Myer-Briggs Type Indicator used for?

Answer 15

It is a personality inventory, extremely useful in career determination. Introversion and extraversion is two of the main factors in this model.

Question 16

Name the 2 projective tests Jung’s concepts relied on to measure personality.

Answer 16

TAT - Thematic Apperception Test
and
Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 17

What is the purpose of projective tests?

Answer 17

It works from the premise that an individual will use inner desires to respond to unstructured stimuli - thus “projecting inner” and often unconscious feelings and thoughts into answering such stimuli.

Question 18

Erikson also differed from Freud - who claimed personality forms in the first 6 years. How?

Answer 18

Erikson believed personality developed over the entire lifespan.

Question 19

What is Erikson best know for?

Answer 19

His 8 stages of psychosocial development called “8 Ages of Man”. Here he describes the impact of social experiences across lifespan.
Each stage has a crisis which has both a negative and positive component.

Question 20

The Oral stage of Freud is equal to which stage from Erikson?

Answer 20

Trust vs Mistrust

Question 21

Which stage in Erikson’s stages compare with the Anal stage of Freud?

Answer 21

Autonomy vs doubt

Question 22

Which stage in Erikson’s theory compare equal to Freud’s Phallic stage?

Answer 22

Initiative vs guilt

Question 23

Which stage in Erikson’s stages compare with that of Freud’s Latent period?

Answer 23

Industry vs inferiority

Question 24

Which stage of Erikson compare with that of Freud’s Genital stage?

Answer 24

Identity vs role confusion

Question 25

Which stage of Erikson’s compare to Freud’s adulthood stage of genital stage which lasts throughout adulthood?

Answer 25

Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation and
Integrity vs despair

Question 26

What did Adler believe set the stage for later psychological development in life?

Answer 26

The first 5 years

Question 27

Who believed that a child’s birth order in the family determined how he / she would be treated?

Answer 27

Adler

Question 28

Who believed that the ego could function separately from the ID
and
could be conflict free in certain areas
such as work?

Answer 28

Hartman

Question 29

Who proposed the 4 stages in the process of separation and individuation?

Answer 29

Mahler

Question 30

Which 2 authors believed that teams in organisations also have identities and egos and that it is the leader’s role to manage and protect the identity?

Answer 30

Koortzen and Cilliers

Question 31

Koortzen and Cilliers believed conflict in groups were inevitable but that the anxiety could be contained by managing certain boundaries. What model did they suggest?

Answer 31

CIBART

C - conflict
I - identity
B - boundaries
A - authorisation
R - roles
T - tasks of teams