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17 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the ideas of existentialism + phenomenology.

A 
People try to transcend 
or move above or outside of themselves
 to become open to all experiences
and
by rising above the realities of life
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2
Q

How is “reality” seen in the humanistic view?

A

As only how every person
uniquely lives the “here” and “now”
through their own subjective expeiences

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3
Q

Define Umwelt.

A

People’s relationship to the WORLD around them.

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4
Q

Define Mitweld?

A

People’s relationship to the SOCIAL world around them.

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5
Q

Define Eigenwelt.

A

people’s relationship with the psychological INNER WORLD related to the self, values and potential.

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6
Q

What do Triandis distinguish between?

A

Etics - cultural experiences that are shared by all cultures.

Emics - experiences that are specific to a culture

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7
Q

People do not only react to physical realities which are perceived (seen, felt, heard,smelt) but also …..

A

how they subjectively interpret events and phenomena.

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8
Q

How is a person’s self-concept formed.

A

By progressive subjective experiences during personality development.

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9
Q

How do Humanists view people’s potential?

A

People an intrinsic ability to grow towards healthy adjustment, maturity and achievement of potential and goals.

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10
Q

Explain the concept of “self-actualisation”.

A

It refers to
a person’s intrinsic ability
to continually choose and achieve
what they want to be.

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11
Q

The Humanist, Rogers’s theory comprises of 2 premises. Name them.

A
  • The Phenomelogical field
  • the Organism
  • the Self
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12
Q

In Roger’s theory, what does the Phenomenological field represent?

A

All experiences, perceptions and meanings attached to objects + events
outside the person

OR

Internal experiences and meanings about the person’s own self

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13
Q

In Roger’s theory, what do the organism represent?

A

Refers to the total individual : basic motive is to actualise own potential, maintain and improve.

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14
Q

In Roger’s theory what does the Self represent?

A

An individual’s perceptions of them self.

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15
Q

Self-consciousness / self-awareness develop at an early age. What does it enable us to do?

A

To recognise and reflect on the self

For the adult it means reflection on emotions
such as pride, shame and embarrassment

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16
Q

What could s lf-awReness for a young child mean?

A

Could literally recognising themselves in a mirror

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17
Q

Define self-verification.

A

Also self-enhancement

Person’s efforts to find agreement between self-perception and info from the environment

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18
Q

Define self-schemas.

A

The self not as a unitary phenomenon but rather multidimentional.

The various attributes people cognitively attach to their self-concept. Eg pretty, intelligent

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19
Q

Define self-identity.

A

Who one is.

A more specific sense of self-concept

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20
Q

Define self-assessment.

A

Also self-esteem

How one values oneself as being good or bad or able to do things well.

Self-esteem is a great contributor to work involvement, motivation and performance

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21
Q

Name the 5 attributes of employees with high self-esteem.

A

1) work harder when neg feedback is received
2) work and decide independently
3) less affected by chronic stressors
4) more ambitious
5) less likely to conform to group norms

22
Q

Define self-efficacy.

A

One’s conviction that one can successfully execure the behaviour to produce the expected outcomes.

23
Q

Give an example of a distorted self-perception.

A

narcissistic personality disorder where the person’s self-valuing is directed at self-love

24
Q

What does Allport’s proprium mean?

A

A sense of self

25
Q

What is Roger’s Ideal Self?

A

What individual would like to be

26
Q

What is Roger’s Real Self?

A

Person’s true behaviour / what that person can become

27
Q

What is James’s Spiritual Self about?

A

Desites + feelings

28
Q

Define James’s Material Self.

A

Family and body perceptions

29
Q

Define James and Mead’s Social Self.

A

What a person thinks others think of them

30
Q

Define Cooley’s Looking-glass Self.

A

How a person thinks that others perceive them

31
Q

“I” and “me” experiences according to Mead.

A

Perceptions of oneself through the eyes of others

32
Q

Define Allport’s Bodily Self

A

The part of self that denotes perceptions of one’s body image and physical abilities

33
Q

In most cases self-concept have 1 of the following 2 connotations.

A

1) self as the intergrative force in personality

2) self as the director and motivator of behaviour

34
Q

A person’s perceptions of themselves derive from 4 sources. Name them.

A

1) true knowledge of the self
2) understanding of what others might think
3) wishes to be a certain way
4) various aspects of themselves, other people and environment

35
Q

Kelly explain human uniqueness in personality through the idea of constructs. Explain.

A

People have CONSTRUCTS
about various things in life such as self-concept, relationships ect.
These represent the meaning they attach to
their INTERPRETATION OF INFORMATION
regarding these aspects.

36
Q

What is the meaning of Kelly’s CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVISM?

A

People attach constructs to their interpretation of info on eg. self-concept ect.
CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVISM means these constructs can change.

37
Q

Explain Roger’s need for POSITIVE REGARD.

A

Individuals can only develop
into fully functioning people
if they EXPERIENCE UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (accepted unconditionally)

38
Q

What is Humanist’s MAIN FOCUS in personality?

A

Motivation
and
personal growth towards finding meaning in life, achieving self-actualisation, optimal functioning and well-being

39
Q

In the Humanistic view, what do people have an intrinsic need for?

A

Will to meaning

40
Q

According to Frankl, what is the strongest motivational force in humans?

A

Will to meaning

41
Q

Explain Frankl’s concept of self-transcendence.

A

Similar to Maslow’s self-actualisation.

Indicates ability
to rise above themselves + circumstances
to grow or find meaning if life

42
Q

Frankl name 3 types of values that make life meaningful. Name them.

A

1) Creative values (make things)
2) Experiential values (experience new things)
3) Attitude values (positive / negative attitudes from experiences)

43
Q

Maslow asserted that human behaviour is directed at a number of needs listed in a hierarchy. Name the 2 main types of needs.

A
  • deficiency or primary needs (physiological)

- growth or secondary needs (psychological)

44
Q

What does self-esteem entail?

A

The need for

  • mastery and power
  • be appreciated (to feel accepted)
45
Q

According to Rogers where does self-actualisation derive its energy from?

A

Biological and physiological sources

46
Q

What is flow experiences?

A
  • Not about “what” is done but rather the process or “how” things are done.
  • Fulfilling engagement in meaningful and enjoyable work processes or task execution
47
Q

What are “peak-experiences” ?

A
  • elements of flow experiences
  • occur when people are related in special way to events / environment eg. Happiness for receiving recognition for an important achievement
48
Q

Name the 4 characteristics of flow-experiences.

A

1) clear goals - manageable rules
2) adjustment opportunity to suit one’s abilities
3) provision of feedback
4) opportunity to be engaged

49
Q

Humanists talk about the ability to self-regulate. Explain.

A

This does not indicate physical control
but rather
perceptions, values and attributes being in control.

50
Q

Some of the most influential models of the classification and explanation of psychological problems are PATHOGENIC. What does pathogenic mean?

A 
They explain 
emotional problems in humans 
according to a medical model 
as illness symptoms 
resulting from particular causes inside + outside the person
51
Q

Explain Salutogenic Paradigm.

A

Humans have the ability
to be healthy and resilient
even under stressful conditions

and

to strive for optimality

52
Q

What is Phenomenological research about?

A

Determining people’s
here and now
subjective realities + experiences

Incorporates idiographic + case-study methods of research.

ps (34 decks)

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