17 Flashcards
Explain the ideas of existentialism + phenomenology.
People try to transcend or move above or outside of themselves to become open to all experiences and by rising above the realities of life
How is “reality” seen in the humanistic view?
As only how every person
uniquely lives the “here” and “now”
through their own subjective expeiences
Define Umwelt.
People’s relationship to the WORLD around them.
Define Mitweld?
People’s relationship to the SOCIAL world around them.
Define Eigenwelt.
people’s relationship with the psychological INNER WORLD related to the self, values and potential.
What do Triandis distinguish between?
Etics - cultural experiences that are shared by all cultures.
Emics - experiences that are specific to a culture
People do not only react to physical realities which are perceived (seen, felt, heard,smelt) but also …..
how they subjectively interpret events and phenomena.
How is a person’s self-concept formed.
By progressive subjective experiences during personality development.
How do Humanists view people’s potential?
People an intrinsic ability to grow towards healthy adjustment, maturity and achievement of potential and goals.
Explain the concept of “self-actualisation”.
It refers to
a person’s intrinsic ability
to continually choose and achieve
what they want to be.
The Humanist, Rogers’s theory comprises of 2 premises. Name them.
- The Phenomelogical field
- the Organism
- the Self
In Roger’s theory, what does the Phenomenological field represent?
All experiences, perceptions and meanings attached to objects + events
outside the person
OR
Internal experiences and meanings about the person’s own self
In Roger’s theory, what do the organism represent?
Refers to the total individual : basic motive is to actualise own potential, maintain and improve.
In Roger’s theory what does the Self represent?
An individual’s perceptions of them self.
Self-consciousness / self-awareness develop at an early age. What does it enable us to do?
To recognise and reflect on the self
For the adult it means reflection on emotions
such as pride, shame and embarrassment
What could s lf-awReness for a young child mean?
Could literally recognising themselves in a mirror
Define self-verification.
Also self-enhancement
Person’s efforts to find agreement between self-perception and info from the environment
Define self-schemas.
The self not as a unitary phenomenon but rather multidimentional.
The various attributes people cognitively attach to their self-concept. Eg pretty, intelligent
Define self-identity.
Who one is.
A more specific sense of self-concept
Define self-assessment.
Also self-esteem
How one values oneself as being good or bad or able to do things well.
Self-esteem is a great contributor to work involvement, motivation and performance
Name the 5 attributes of employees with high self-esteem.
1) work harder when neg feedback is received
2) work and decide independently
3) less affected by chronic stressors
4) more ambitious
5) less likely to conform to group norms
Define self-efficacy.
One’s conviction that one can successfully execure the behaviour to produce the expected outcomes.
Give an example of a distorted self-perception.
narcissistic personality disorder where the person’s self-valuing is directed at self-love
What does Allport’s proprium mean?
A sense of self
What is Roger’s Ideal Self?
What individual would like to be
What is Roger’s Real Self?
Person’s true behaviour / what that person can become
What is James’s Spiritual Self about?
Desites + feelings
Define James’s Material Self.
Family and body perceptions
Define James and Mead’s Social Self.
What a person thinks others think of them
Define Cooley’s Looking-glass Self.
How a person thinks that others perceive them
“I” and “me” experiences according to Mead.
Perceptions of oneself through the eyes of others
Define Allport’s Bodily Self
The part of self that denotes perceptions of one’s body image and physical abilities
In most cases self-concept have 1 of the following 2 connotations.
1) self as the intergrative force in personality
2) self as the director and motivator of behaviour
A person’s perceptions of themselves derive from 4 sources. Name them.
1) true knowledge of the self
2) understanding of what others might think
3) wishes to be a certain way
4) various aspects of themselves, other people and environment
Kelly explain human uniqueness in personality through the idea of constructs. Explain.
People have CONSTRUCTS
about various things in life such as self-concept, relationships ect.
These represent the meaning they attach to
their INTERPRETATION OF INFORMATION
regarding these aspects.
What is the meaning of Kelly’s CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVISM?
People attach constructs to their interpretation of info on eg. self-concept ect.
CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVISM means these constructs can change.
Explain Roger’s need for POSITIVE REGARD.
Individuals can only develop
into fully functioning people
if they EXPERIENCE UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (accepted unconditionally)
What is Humanist’s MAIN FOCUS in personality?
Motivation
and
personal growth towards finding meaning in life, achieving self-actualisation, optimal functioning and well-being
In the Humanistic view, what do people have an intrinsic need for?
Will to meaning
According to Frankl, what is the strongest motivational force in humans?
Will to meaning
Explain Frankl’s concept of self-transcendence.
Similar to Maslow’s self-actualisation.
Indicates ability
to rise above themselves + circumstances
to grow or find meaning if life
Frankl name 3 types of values that make life meaningful. Name them.
1) Creative values (make things)
2) Experiential values (experience new things)
3) Attitude values (positive / negative attitudes from experiences)
Maslow asserted that human behaviour is directed at a number of needs listed in a hierarchy. Name the 2 main types of needs.
- deficiency or primary needs (physiological)
- growth or secondary needs (psychological)
What does self-esteem entail?
The need for
- mastery and power
- be appreciated (to feel accepted)
According to Rogers where does self-actualisation derive its energy from?
Biological and physiological sources
What is flow experiences?
- Not about “what” is done but rather the process or “how” things are done.
- Fulfilling engagement in meaningful and enjoyable work processes or task execution
What are “peak-experiences” ?
- elements of flow experiences
- occur when people are related in special way to events / environment eg. Happiness for receiving recognition for an important achievement
Name the 4 characteristics of flow-experiences.
1) clear goals - manageable rules
2) adjustment opportunity to suit one’s abilities
3) provision of feedback
4) opportunity to be engaged
Humanists talk about the ability to self-regulate. Explain.
This does not indicate physical control
but rather
perceptions, values and attributes being in control.
Some of the most influential models of the classification and explanation of psychological problems are PATHOGENIC. What does pathogenic mean?
They explain emotional problems in humans according to a medical model as illness symptoms resulting from particular causes inside + outside the person
Explain Salutogenic Paradigm.
Humans have the ability
to be healthy and resilient
even under stressful conditions
and
to strive for optimality
What is Phenomenological research about?
Determining people’s
here and now
subjective realities + experiences
Incorporates idiographic + case-study methods of research.
