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ps > 13.3 Approaches to Personality > Flashcards

13.3 Approaches to Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Psychodynamic / psychoanalytical theories is an example of what?

A

Depth psychology

with a clinical approach

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2
Q

Psychodynamic / psychoanalytical approach to personality proposes that the structures and functioning of personality are determined by?

A

Unconscious forces

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3
Q

What do depth psychology assume about early child development?

A

It is formative and more important than development in adult life. Problems in childhood may have disruptive influences in adult life.

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4
Q

Although heavily influenced by Freud in his Psychoanalytical / Psychodynamic approach to personality - how did writers after Freud differ from him?

A

They had a more positive view and emphasised a stronger self-concept (people being more in control of themselves)

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5
Q

What is the Object Relations Theory and Relations Theories about under Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytical approach?

A

The development of more mature interpersonal relationships to solve possible problematic relationship behaviour in the 1st few years of life - may impair relationships in love and work

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6
Q

In psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical theories what do the Relational Theories say?

A

The need for relatedness is a central human need which will influence personality
in efforts to interact with other people

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7
Q

In the work context how is psychodynamics used?

A

In understanding and influencing the dynamics in groups and organisations

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8
Q

In psychodynamics what do people do to reduce the effects of negative emotions?

A

Utilise defense mechanisms

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9
Q

By whom was the Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytical theory - as part of PERSONALITY APPROACHES - founded?

A

Sigmund Freud

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10
Q

As an APPROACH TO PERSONALITY STUDY what is the main idea of the Behaviourist / Learning theories (Watson)?

A 
People's environment and circumstances 
are dominant influences
in what they become
and might even override
basic natural or genetic potentials
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11
Q

In the Behaviourist / Learning theory, how does personality develop?

A

Because certain behaviours occur and are rewarded more often than others.

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12
Q

How is personality seen in terms of stability in the Bahaviourist / Learning theories?

A

Personality is not stable across time

Due to people continuously learning

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13
Q

In Behaviourist / Learning theories the later social and cognitive learning theories emphisise that people can self-regulate. Explain.

A

Behaviour is not a simple connection between a stimilus and a response. People can rationally, or by thinking and making choices, influence the learning process

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14
Q

How is Behaviourist / Learning theory utilised in the work context?

A

Training and motivation of people

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15
Q

Give other names for the Humanistic approach as part of the PERSONALITY APPROACHES.

A

Phenomenological

Existential

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16
Q

What do the Humanistic / Phenomenological / Existential approach involve?

A

A more optimistic and person-orientated approach with emphasis on human behaviour .

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17
Q

Explain the Humanistic / Phenomelogical / Existential approach.

A

Human personality is best understood
by people’s unique qualities
such as their freedom
and potential for personal growth

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18
Q

According to the Humanistic / Phenomelogical / Existential approach (as part of the Personality Approaches) how do personality develop?

A

Over the lifespan
as result of universal and unique experiences
and especially positive relations with other people

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19
Q

In the Humanistic/ Phenomelogical/ Existential approach, what is the result of individual differences?

A

Every person’s uniqueness

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20
Q

The Humanistic/ Phenomelogical / Existential approach have many applications such as?

A 
In positive psychology
psychological research
assessment
management approaches
counseling, therapy and facilitation techniques
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21
Q

According to the TRAIT and TYPE THEORY in personality approaches, what is human behaviour characterised by?

A

Distinguishable
enduring and consistent attributes
and patterns of behaviour.

22
Q

In what concepts is human behaviour described as in the TRAIT and TYPE theories?

A 
Disposition
Dimensions
Traits
Factors
Types
23
Q

By what are traits influenced in the TRAIT and TYPE theories?

A
  • Inherited biological factors

- Interaction between people and environment

24
Q

Names given to TRAITS are considered to be either:

A

Internal causing attributes

Hypothetical descriptive constructs

25
Q

From a genetic stance, how are Traits viewed?

A

1) as neuro-psychic structures (inside a person)
2) motivate behaviour
3) are distinguishable in and between people
4) but environmental influences may have less informative impact

26
Q

How can Traits be measured according to the Trait and Type theories of personality?

A

With Psychometric Instruments (eg tests for abilities)

27
Q

Trait theories classify personality into 3 integrated models. What are they?

A

3 factor

5 factor

16 factor

28
Q

Explain extraversion.

A

The act, state or habit of being predominantly concerned with obtaining gratification from outside the self.

29
Q

Explain introversion.

A

State or tendency to being predominantly concerned with and interested in one’s own mental life.

30
Q

In what is the most important contribution the Trait and Type personality theory approaches ?

A

The classification of
and psychological measurement of individual differences

Through tools such as
Personality questionnaires

31
Q

How is Trait and Type approaches applied in the workplace?

A
  • assessment of work competencies for selection purposes

- to determine the work-relatedness of personality traits

32
Q

Which is regarded as the most integrative trait approach on personality and possibly a metaperspective?

A

The 5 factor Model

33
Q

Explain metaperspective.

A

A perspective that explains many areas of psychological functioning

34
Q

For what is the Trait and Type theories in personality approached heavily criticised?

A

Research is based on self-report findings

as determined by the contents of questionaires

35
Q

Traits are descriptive only. Elaborate.

A

They do not explain much about the
why, how or underlying dynamics
of personality and behaviour.

36
Q

Describe personality as seen by the COGNITIVE an SOCIAL-COGNITIVE theories as part of the personality approaches.

A

Personality and behaviour is shaped by the consequences of learning

37
Q

What is the emphasis on in the Cognitive and Social-Cognitive theories in Personality Approaches?

A

Self-regulation :
self-efficacy, expectation, prediction, perception, memory and cognitive process and schemas.

These are all way of controlling the world, other people and one’s own behaviours.

38
Q

How will people act according to the Cognitive and Social-Cognitive theories in personality approaches?

A

According to their acquired thinking / knowledge of the world
and expectancies and predictions
that things will happen
or goals will be attained.

39
Q

In Cognitive and Social-Cognitive theories Mark Baldwin uses the concept of “relational schemas”. Explain.

A

These are self-images
of relationships and interactions
with other people

40
Q

What do behaviourists and cognitive theorists agree on?

A

Individual differences exist because people have different constructs (cognitive).

41
Q

What are Social-Cognitive psychologists criticised for?

A

Over-emphisising the rational side of personality and people’s self-control

42
Q

What is believed in Biological / Evolutionary perspectives as part of Personality Approaches?

A

Behaviour is strongly influenced by

genetic and neurological factors.

43
Q

What studies illustrate behavioural genetics best?

A

Similarities and differences found in twins and adoptions.

44
Q

What prominent finding was made in terms of twins through the Biological / Evolutionary perspectives as part of personality approaches?

A

Monozygotic (identical) twins are much more alike on various attributes than Dizygotic (not identical) twins - even if the former were raised separately.

45
Q

In behaviour, testosterone are important for:

A

Sociability
Positive emotions
Aggression
Sexuality

46
Q

In behaviour, neurotransmitters are important for:

A

Functioning in the regulation of emotions

47
Q

Ego, social-orientated and interpersonal theories are also known as?

A

Psychosocial theories

48
Q

What do Psychosocial theorists - as part of Personality Approaches - stress in terms of personality?

A

The SELF is a core dimension of personality
and personality development.

Personality is best expressed in interpersonal situations.

49
Q

What do the Contextual approaches (systemic and cultural perspectives) as part of the Personality Approaches suggest?

A

People must be seen as a whole person
that human behaviour can be complex
there is often more that can be observed

50
Q

What is said about behaviour according to the Social Constructionism (Contextual Approach)?

A

All human behaviour and the ideas thereof are part of social reality and people’s interpretation of social realities -
all as results from human interaction

51
Q

How do African and Asian perspectives contrast from Western Psychology?

A

Asian and African psychology originates from a metaphysical and spiritual tradition
resulting in a more intuitive and integrated discipline.

52
Q

……. of personality is recognised by most approaches and is said to have a profound effect on a person’s self-concept, personality formation and expression of related behaviours?

A

The cultural context

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