16.5 Traits, Types And Styles Flashcards
What are traits?
Inherent and represent learned potential + predispositions which direct + motivate behaviour and which give structure to personality or those attributes that make up personality
How can traits be expressed as?
Single traits
Combined traits as factors, types or styles
Scientific and more objective measurement and trait descriptions of personality are based on some theoretical model or other such as ….
The 3- ; 5- ; and 16- Factor Models
Who described entrepeneurial success through 13 general characteristics?
Timmons
Name some of Timmon’s characteristics for entrepeneurial success.
Drive and energy Self-confidence Long-term involvement Valuing money as a measure of success Persistence in problem solving Set goals + commit to them Moderate risk taking Ability to learn from failures Concern for feedback on performance Initiative + taking responsibility Actively using available resources Competing against own standards Tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty
What is 1 of the most sophisticated and influential trait approaches
in theory, research and other applications?
Hans Eysenck’s Three Factor Model of personality
What other model does Eysenck’s Three Factor model resemble?
The 5 Factor model
Eysenck preferred to use fewer but more inclusive trait factors and to emphasise the ….
Necessity of having a theoretical explanation for each trait and not just empirical findings alone.
According to Eysenck many traits are biologically determined and …..
influenced by the environment
People’s specific responses in situations can be grouped into …
Habitual responses
which in turn can be grouped into
Supertraits - from which personality will emerge
Personality is seen to consist of 3 major factors, supertraits or types. What are they?
Also known as PEN model
EXTROVERSION - introversion (E)
NEUROTICISM - stability (N)
PSYCHOTICISM - tough-mindedness (P) (progressiveness and interpersonal hostility)
How did Eysenck explain up to 2/3 of differences in traits between people (which has new been verified by research)?
Genetic factors
causing diff between people’s psychological responsiveness which will influence
personality-trait development and expression
What did Eysenck’s model influence?
The construction of various personality questionnaires such as the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) to assess the Three Factor Model
Digman assered that Eysenck’s model really has 4 factors. Which was the 4th one?
Intelligence
Name some applications for Eysenck’s Three Factor model.
Assessment and description of behaviours in various applications such as: Smoking Sex + criminality Cross-culturally And to lesser degree Occupational assessments
Name the subfactors 7 of
Extroversion vs Introversion. (3 factor model)
1) Activity
2) Sociability
3) Risk-taking
4) Impulsiveness
5) Expressiveness
6) Lack of reflection
7) Lack of responsibility
Name the 7 subfactors of Neuroticism vs Emotional Stability. (3Factor Model)
Low self-esteem Unhappiness Anxiety Obsessiveness Lack of autonomy Hypochondria Guilt
Name the 7 subfactors under Psychoticism vs Tough-mindedness. (3 factor model)
Agressiveness Assertiveness Achievement orientation Manipulation Sensation-seeking Dogmatism Masculinity
Eysenck’s research on introversion and extroversion confirmed the diff between the 2 types with regard to ….
Sociability and impulsiveness
Extroverts - more sociable but risk taking and impulsive
Introverts - reserved, quiet, introspective and less impulsive
People with high neuroticism tend to ….
- worry a lot
- are anxious + emotionally labile
- many physical complaints
The factor psychoticism is disputed as a general trait in personality description and claimed to …
Relate more to a description of maladjustment
in the form of psychopathy
Who proposed the 16 Factor Model in personality assessment?
Cattell
Cattell’s 16 Factor model is used in:
Clinical
Educational
and occupational applications
How did Cattell’s 16 factor model evolve?
As a result of extensive factorial research over many years.
How does the 16 Factor Model of Cattell work?
When assessing - personality is divided into 16 “1st order factors” OR “source traits” or calculated and reduces to 6 (or 9) “second-order traits”
Name the 16 primary factors of Cattells 16 Factor questionnaire.
1) warmth 😥
2) mental alertness💤
3) emotionality😭
4) dominance 😡
5) liveliness 🎶
6) conformity 😔
7) boldness 👴🏻
8) sensitivity 😷
9) vigilance 👀
10) abstractedness 🎭y
11) privateness ⛔️
12) apprehension ☺️
13) change orientation 🙉🙈🙊
14) self-discipline👸🏻
15) perfectionism📐📏
16) tension 😁⛱
Which approach has developed into arguably the best supported as an integrative trait description of personality?
The Five Factor Model
What is the 5 Factor model also called?
FFM
or
Big Five Factor Model
Why does the 5 Factor Model enjoy wide acceptance?
The traits have been proved to have construct + predictive validity
and
good theoretical descriptions support
The FFM (5 Factor Model) had its modest conception when and by whom?
Thurstone 1930
Was rediscovered in the 1980’s
What criticism was there for the 5 Factor Model?
It is too mechanical and does not explain the underlying dynamics of personality
Unlike Freud, Allport and Cattell did not believe that personality ….
Is absolutely determined by events during childhood but that people are free to develop their personalities according to their own goals and motivations.
Name the 5 factors in the Five Factor Model.
OCEAN
Openness to experience (intellect) Conscientiousness (dependability) Extroversion Agreeableness (friendliness) Neuroticism (emotional instability)
What did research indicate about most of the 5 factors and subfacets in the FFM?
Depending on the type of job and the work-performance criteria used,
most of the factors are work related
In the FFM which factor is a constant predictor of work performance across many jobs?
Conscientiousness
In the FFM which factor is closely related to job factors such as social interaction and training proficiency?
Extroversion
In the FFM which factor is an intervening variable in the relationship of personality and work performance?
Autonomy
Define proprium.
Ego or self
FFM does well in describing personality but not as well in …
explaining behaviour -
especially underlying causes,
internal personality dynamics and
underlying motivation
Hough criticised the FFM for being too broad + not accommodating some existing personality scales. She proposed 4 more factors.
- achievement
- affiliation
- locus of control
- masculinity / femiminity
Personality is embedded in other domains as well. Name 2.
1) cognitive or intellectual domain
2) non-cognitive domains eg. motives, values, attitudes ect
Define enduring.
Durable
Long lasting
What is the purpose of the Interpersonal Circumplex Model (interpersonal trait model)?
Used to classify interpersonal behaviours
Wiggens distinguished 8 interpersonal categories.
Arrogant - calculating Cold - quarrelsome Aloof - introverted Unassured - submissive Unassuming - ingenious Warm - agreeable Gregarious - extroverted