1 Urinary Anatomy and Renal Histology Flashcards
Sympathetic innervation to the urinary system
Kidney T10-L1
Ureter and bladder T11-L2
Progression of arteries in the kidney
Renal > Segmental> Lobar> Interlobar> arcuate> interlobular
Parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system
Kidney: Vagus
Ureters and Bladder: Pelvic splanchnic
Functions of the Kidney
Excretory: ions drugs
Homeostasis: acid base, CA/PO4, NA, K
Endocrine: Erythropoietin, ANGII
What is a lobule
Medullary ray and surrounding cortex
What is a lobe
Medullary pyramid and surrounding cortex
Tubular plexus
Capillaries covering loop of cortical nephrons
Vasa Recta
Capillaries that supply loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
Glycocalyx
Proteoglycan layer that is negatively charged and blocks negatively charged molecules from passing on the endothelial side (podocyttes do this on the opposite side
Mesangium
Cells and ECM of fibronectin and collagen that provide:
Physical support to the glomerulus
Regulate blood flow (through pericytes with ANP and ANGII receptors)
Create glomerular basement membrane
Ureter blood supply
Small branches off the Renal arteries, testicular arteries, common iliacs, and internal iliacs.
Kidney Size
10X6X2.5-3cm (left is narrower and longer)
150gm male, 135 female
Sites of ureter narrowing
Ureteropelvic junction, external iliac artery, ureterovesicular junction
How much CO is delivered to kidneys
20-25%
How much fluid is filtered in the kidneys
125ml/ minute (124ml returns to the circulation)
How often is total blood volume fltered?
Every 4-5 minutes
Size of glomerular vasculature
Afferent arteriole is larger than efferent- this ceates a pressure difference that drives filtration
Capillary epithelium specifics
70-100nm pores- permeable to water and 6-8 kDa solutes, partially permeable to 8-16kDa solutes
Glomerular filtration barrier 3 parts
Capillary endothelium
Basement Membrane
Podocytes
Mesangium definition/parts
ECM of fibronectin and collagen
Pericytes with receptors for ANGII and ANP. Secretion of endothelin cytokines, and prostaglandin.
Proximal tubule histology
- Cuboidal/columnar epithelium
- granular cytoplasm
- basal nuclei
- Brush border obscures lumen
- Indistinguishable lateral borders (interdigitation)
** NaCl, H2O absorption, facilitated Glucose AA and protein resorption
Loop of henle histo
- simple squamous epithelium in thin portions (differentiated with capillaries by lack of RBCs in the lumen
- Thick ascending limbs cuboidal epithelium
Thick ascending histo
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Central nuclei
- Interdigitations
- impermeable to H20, absorb NaCl, glucose, AA, and proteins through facilitated diffusion. H+ secreted
Distal tubule histo
- Cuboidal epithelium
- central oval nuclei
- interdigitations
- no brush border
- **NaCL, KHCO3 resoption, secretion of K+, H+, and N3H
Late distal tubule
- cuboidal
- Large lumen
- Central nuclei
- **ADH Na resorption and K secretion
Polycystin 1&2
Flow sensing proteins on Primary cilium of collecting duct. Genetic defects causes polycystic kidney disease
Macula Densa
Columnar cells on distal convoluted tubule
Detects NaCl concentation by releasing Renin
Erythropoeitin functions
- ^ RBC precursors
- ^ RBC release from BM
- ** Increased production in high altitude, hemorrhage, impaired pulmonary function (hypoxia)
Oliguria
<400 ml urine per day
Ureter histo
mucosa epithelium (transitional), lamina propria (with abundant elastic tissue), muscularis (2 layers, 3 layers lower 1/3) inner longitudinal, outer is circular, adventitia (fibrous tissue)
Bladder cancer
Associated with smoking, mainly uroepithelial in origin.
