抗微生物製劑 Flashcards

1
Q

β-內醯胺類抗生素有哪些?

A

1.penicillins
2.cephalosporins
3.cephamycins
4.carbapenems
5.monobactams
6.β-lactamase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

β-lactam作用機轉?

A

1.與PBP結合
2.活化autolysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

β-lactam型抗生素哪三種β-lactamases無效?

A

1.Class A 的KPC-1
2.Class D的OXA type enzyme
3.Class B的NDM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

β-lactam抗生素和β-lactamase抑制劑搭配?

A

1.ampicillin-sulbactam
2.amoxicillin-clavulanate
3.ticarcillin-clavulanate
4.piperacillin-tazobactam
5.ceftazidime-avibactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

可以加強通過外膜能力對抗綠膿桿菌,以及通過血腦障壁的是哪一代cephalosporins&cephamycins?

A

第三代

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

治療多重抗藥性細菌的最後防線是?

A

carbapenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monobactam對那種細菌效果最好?

A

革蘭氏陰性需氧菌

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

class B的β-lactamase對何者產生抗藥性的比例比較低?

A

aztreonam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

其他抑制細胞壁合成的非β-lactam藥物?

A

vancomycin
bacitracin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

抑制分枝桿菌細胞壁合成的藥物?

A

INH、ethionamide(分枝菌酸)
ethambutol(阿拉伯半乳聚醣)
cycloserine(肽聚醣,一般細胞有)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Polymyxin介紹?

A

結合革蘭氏陰性菌外膜(LPS)
高腎毒性
適用不動桿菌、綠膿桿菌
B、E有臨床價值

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Daptomycin介紹?

A

結合革蘭氏陽性菌細胞膜
窄效性

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aminoglycosides介紹?

A

不可逆結合在核糖體30s產生錯誤蛋白質
廣效性殺菌劑,針劑注射
對厭氧菌、腸球菌、鏈球菌無效
可能造成腎毒性、耳聾
modification of antibiotics導致效果差

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

腸道開刀以前會開什麼藥預防感染?

A

Neomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tetracycline介紹?

A

結合在核糖體30s上阻擋tRNA結合
廣效型制菌劑
可進入細胞內,對Chlamydia, Rickettsia有效
可能造成色素沉著、抑制骨骼生長、牙髓發育不全(孕婦小孩不適用)
主動運輸將藥排出導致效果差

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oxazolidinones(Linezolid)介紹?

A

結合在核糖體50S抑制tRNA結合
窄效性制菌劑
治療葡萄球菌、鏈球菌、腸球菌等革蘭氏陽性菌
23S rRNA突變導致效果差

17
Q

Chloramphenicol氯黴素介紹?

A

抑制peptidyltransferase
廣效型制菌劑
可能傷害骨髓造成再生障礙性貧血(不適用孕婦:gray baby syndrome )
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase導致效果差

18
Q

Erythromycin紅黴素介紹?

A

包含azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin
結合在23s rRNA阻礙tRNA轉位
廣效性制菌劑
rRNA結構改變導致效果差

19
Q

Clindamycin氯林絲菌素介紹?

A

抑制peptidylttansferase
窄效性制菌劑
針對除了艱難梭菌以外的厭氧菌
可能導致由艱難梭菌引起的偽膜性腸炎
23rRNA結構改變導致效果差

20
Q

結核病的第一線用藥,也可以治療兔熱病、鼠疫、布氏桿菌病的是?

A

Streptomycin

21
Q

對黴漿菌有效的是?

A

Tetracyclines

22
Q

可通過血腦障壁,治療細菌性腦膜炎、typhoid fever的是?

A

Chloramphenicol

23
Q

可以治療黴漿菌造成的肺炎以及退伍軍人症的是?

A

Erythromycin

24
Q

Quinolones介紹?

A

抑制革蘭氏陰性菌的DNA gyrase A(II),陽性菌的topoisomerase IV
廣效型殺菌劑
可能傷害成長的骨頭
結構改變導致效果差
治療結核桿菌二線藥物

25
Q

Rifampin介紹?

A

抑制細菌RNA polymerase
作用在結核分枝桿菌的殺菌劑
polymerase基因突變導致效果差

26
Q

Rifabutin介紹?

A

阻斷RNA polymerase
Rifampin半合成衍生物,抗藥作替代
治療鳥型結核分枝桿菌特別有效

27
Q

Metronidazole介紹?

A

殺菌劑,治療厭氧菌感染
prodrug,厭氧細菌利用nitroreductase將它還原產生毒性
治療困難梭狀芽孢桿菌偽膜性腸炎

28
Q

Sulfonamides&Trimethoprim介紹?

A

1.競爭PABA結合位
2.抑制dihydrofolate reductase
合併使用可避免對其中一個產生抗藥性並有加成的效果

29
Q

Dapsone、4-Aminosalicylic acid(PAS)介紹?

A

與PABA競爭dihydroteroate synthase結合位
治療分枝桿菌感染

30
Q

Pyrazinamide(PZA)介紹?

A

本身為prodrug,經結核分枝桿菌的pyrazinamidase代謝成有殺菌功能的pyrazinoic acid,抑制脂質合成
窄效型制菌劑
pH值低時抗菌活性最強,常combin一線藥物
結核菌pncA gene突變導致效果差

31
Q

表現型抗藥性有哪些?

A

1.細菌被包裹在組織裏面
2.細菌處在resting state
3.細菌沒有細胞壁

32
Q

基因型抗藥性有哪些?

A

染色體突變,透過plasmid或transposon傳遞抗藥基因
1.染色體媒介:傳給子代
2.質體媒介:細菌間傳遞
3.跳躍子媒介:兩者皆可

33
Q

如何判斷有沒有抗藥性?

A

Disk-diffusion method

34
Q

有相乘作用的藥物?

A

1.penicillin&aminoglycoside
2.sulfonamide&trimethoprum

35
Q

有拮抗作用的藥物?

A

penicillin&tetracycline