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Sem 6: SAM 2 > Zoonotic Infections > Flashcards

Zoonotic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of interspecies spread between dogs and cats?

A
  • Canine parvovirus can be transmitted to cats!
  • Bordetella
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2
Q

How can veterinary practices prevent spread of zoonotic infections?

A
  • Everyone should work to the same standards, SOPs, and protocols and those should be consistently HIGH
  • Seperate dog and cat wards
  • Vaccine policies
  • Suitable disinfectants
  • Isolation wards
  • Wash hands
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3
Q

What is true about using gloves to prevent spread of zoonotic disease?

A
  • Shouldn’t be worn unnecessarily, prolonged use may cause adverse skin reactions and skin sensitivity
  • Hands should ALWAYS be washed after removal of gloves
  • Gloves DO NOT eliminate the need to wash hands
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4
Q

What is the most common organism causing painful swelling and abscessation in a human from a bite wound?

A

Pasteurella multocida

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5
Q

What is the most common causative agent of Cat Scratch Fever in humans?

A

Bartonella henselae

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6
Q

How is Bartonella henselae transmitted in cats?

A
  • Ticks
  • Cat flea

(cat scratch fever)

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7
Q

What clinical signs can be seen in cats infected with Bartonella?

A
  • Mild, transient inappetence +/- pyrexia in most cases
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Neuro signs (focal seizures)
  • Endocarditis (Study showed 50% of cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy had Bartonella)
  • Repro failure (less common)
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8
Q

What is the first line treatment option for cats with Bartonellosis?

A
  • Doxycycline
  • Only recommended in cats living with immunosuppressed people, or cat with CS of myocarditis/endocarditis or neuro signs ⭐️
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9
Q

What is the prognosis for Bartonellosis in cats?

A
  • Usually very good with tx of Doxycycline
  • Rarely demonstrate significant CS
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10
Q

How is Bartonella diagnosed?

A

PCR

(hard to culture, lengthy process)

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11
Q

How do humans with Bartonellosis typically present?

A
  • Swollen LN, fatigue, muscle pain, sore throat (flu like symptoms)
  • Serious illness is rare, usually self limiting
  • Rarely causes endocarditis/myocarditis and neuro signs in humans
  • Immunosuppressed people most at risk, but can infect immunocompetent ppl
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12
Q

Which cats are more at risk of systemic disease from mycobacterial infections?

A
  • Indoor cats on RAW FOOD diet (m. bovis)
  • Unpasteurized milk (m. bovis)
  • Outdoor cats roaming/hunting rodents (m. microti)
  • Adult male cats
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13
Q

What agents cause systemic granulomatous tuberculosis in dogs and cats?

A
  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (rare in cats and dogs)
  2. Mycobacterium bovis most zoonotic and reportable
  3. Mycobacterium microti

(causes granulomas in the respiratory tract, GI, eyes, skin)

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14
Q

List non-tuberculosis (Saprophytic) diseases

A
  • Feline leprosy (M. lepraemurium)
  • M. avium (MAC)
  • M. chelonae
  • M. smegmatis
  • M. genavense
  • M. malmonoense

saprophytic forms rarely cause systemic signs, localized to the skin

(M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. microti cause systemic tuberculosis)

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15
Q

What mycobacterial diseases in dogs and cats are most zoonotic?

A
  • M. bovis most zoonotic and reportable
  • M. tuberculosis
  • M. microti

(tuberculosis causing resp signs and coughing is the main route of transmission)

saprophytic non TB forms not thought to cause zoonotic risk

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16
Q

How can radiographs be beneficial in diagnosing mycobacterial infections?

A
  • ID milliary interstitial lung pattern
  • ID lymphadenopathy
  • ID osteolytic changes
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17
Q

What cats are most at risk for Feline Leprosy?

A
  • Adults
  • Hunting / roaming
  • Around soil
  • Around rats
  • Subtropical areas
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18
Q

How do patients with saprophytic/ non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infections present?

A
  • Cutaneous skin nodules, panniculitis, draining tracts, salt and pepper skin lesions
  • Ventral fat pad, face and limbs most commonly affected ⭐️
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19
Q

What can be seen on chemistry panel in a patient with mycobacterial infection?

A

Hypercalcemia

(G in DRAGONSHIT, granulomatous disease)

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20
Q

What diagnostic tests can be performed to aid in diagnosis of mycobacterial infections?

A
  • PCR is best, requires 2 samples from live tissue biopsy
  • Radiographs
  • IFNg test (only detects granulomatous forms, used to differentiate saprophytic vs granulomatous)
  • FNA Cytology (ZN stain only picks up 1 in 3 cases, false negatives)
  • Progranulomatous inflammation with bacilli organisms on cytology
21
Q

What stain is necessary for mycobacterial cytology samples?

A

ZN stain

22
Q

What are the limitations to using cytology and histo to diagnose mycobacterial diseases?

A
  • ZN stain only picks up 1 in 3 cases, frequent false negatives
23
Q

What is the treatment protocol for patients with systemic mycobacterial tuberculosis?

A
  • Surgical excision if localized
  • Triple therapy with Rifampin, Pradofloxacin/Marbofloxacin, and Clarithomycin/Azithromycin, +/- Vitamin D
  • D/C rifampin and continue Double therapy until 6+ months
  • LONG treatment, 4-6 months

(Ideally, treatment should consist of an initial and a continuation phase. The initial phase usually requires 3 drugs and lasts for 2 months, while the continuation phase requires 2
drugs and lasts for a further 4 months)

24
Q

What is the treatment protocol for patients with non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infections?

A
  • Surgical excision if localized (Ex: ventral fat pad excision)
  • Doxycycline and Pradofloxacin/Marbofloxacin
  • Can initiate tx while waiting on PCR bc low zoonotic risk

(Rifampin used for systemic TB only)

25
Q

What needs to be monitored in patients being treated for mycobacterial tuberculosis?

A
  • Rifampin causing hepatotoxicity
  • Quinolones and Macrolides causing nephrotoxicity
26
Q

How do cats with poxvirus typically present?

A
  • Cutaneous lesions
  • Small scabs on the chin ⭐️
  • Suppurative necrotizing pneumonia (LRT signs)
27
Q

How do cats get Feline Leprosy?

A
  • Enters via a wound, typically from a rodent bite
  • Multiplies in adipose tissue
28
Q

What CS can patients with mycobacterial tuberculosis present with?

A
  • Coughing from granulomas in lungs 🫁
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Cutaneous lesions on digits and face
  • Respiratory / GI signs
  • Ocular disease
29
Q

What CS can patients with saprophytic mycobacterial disease present with?

A
  • Mostly cutaneous lesions, rarely causes systemic dz
  • Salt and pepper like lesions
  • Draining tracts
  • Ventral fat pad commonly affected
  • Flesh eating or mass like lesions
30
Q

What mycobacterial infections are most at risk for transmission?

A
  • Tuberculosis forms within the respiratory tract
  • Must be expired from lungs for transmission
  • Low risk of transmission if bronchial tree isn’t affected, no coughing, and no granulomas present in the lung
31
Q

What has been shown to increase the risk of mycobacterial infections in humans, and should be included in treatment of animals with mycobacteriosis?

A
  • Low Vitamin D
  • Supplement Vitamin D in treatment of animals with mycobacterial tuberculosis
32
Q

What clinical signs can be seen with poxvirus in cats?

A
  • Small scabs on the chin
  • Occasional necrotizing pneumonia (LRT signs)
  • Inflamed, red, erythematous trachea on bronchoscopy

(infections most commonly cutaneous)

33
Q

What is the treatment plan for a patient with poxvirus?

A
  • Zoonotic!
  • Interferon antiviral therapy
  • Buprenorphine
  • IV fluids
  • O2 therapy
34
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A
  • Exposure to contaminated water, soil, or food
  • Working / hunting dogs at greater risk
  • Moist soil saturated with contaminated urine from rats
  • Penetrates intact MMs
35
Q

What organ systems are affected most by leptospirosis infection?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • CNS
  • Eyes
  • Genital tract
  • Occasionally lungs
  • Occasionally GI
36
Q

Which leptospira serovars are associated with renal or hepatic involvement?

A
  • Canicola
  • Bratislava
  • Grippotyphosa
37
Q

Which leptospira serovars produce more hepatic disease than renal?

A
  • Icterohaemorrhagiae
  • Pomona
38
Q

How is lepto diagnosed?

A
  • Run a PCR 1st from blood AND urine
  • If PCR+ in blood and urine = acute active infection (lepto cleared from blood in 7-10 days, persists in kidneys and urine)
  • Run a MAT 2nd if PCR is positive to confirm which serovar has highest titer or if concern for vaccine failure
  • 4 fold increase in MAT titer suggests recent infection
39
Q

When can lepto be detected in blood?

A
  • 7-10 days post infection
  • Rapidly cleared from blood but persists in urine
40
Q

What is the treatment protocol for Leptospirosis infection in dogs?

A
  • Doxycycline for stable cases
  • AmoxiClav for 2 weeks then switch to Doxycycline for sick cases
41
Q

What serovars does the CURRENT Lepto vax protect against?

A
  • L4 vax
  • Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, and Pomona
42
Q

What are the CORE vaccines for dogs?

A
  • DA2PPV + Lepto
  • Distemper
  • Parvo
  • Adenovirus
  • Lepto
  • +/- Parainfluenza
43
Q

How often should a lepto vaccine be given?

A
  • Start at 8-9 weeks
  • 2 doses 3 weeks apart
  • Then booster ANNUALLY
44
Q

What clinical signs can be seen with Distemper virus in dogs?

A
  • Anorexia and pyrexia, URT signs early in disease
  • LRT and GI disease later in disease course
  • Cutaneous lesions (Hyperkeratosis, pustular dermatitis, KCS) seen in end stage of disease
45
Q

How is distemper virus diagnosed in dogs?

A
  • Neutralizing AB tests
  • ELISA to detect IgM better for acute disease and differentiation from vaccine
  • IgG used in patients NOT vaccinated
  • PCR good but not widely available
  • Cytology and IHC post mortem
46
Q

How is distemper virus treated in dogs?

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Doxycyline
  • Anticonvulsants

(poor px)

47
Q

What is the prognosis for distemper virus infection in dogs?

A
  • Poor
  • If mild case with neuro signs, can have neuro signs persist for life
48
Q

How does herpes virus infection in cats differ from dogs?

A
  • Causes Venereal disease in dogs, strongly associated with abortions in dogs, not cats
  • Causes in utero infection
  • Acute and fatal illness in neonates 1-3 weeks of age
  • Genital tract lesions in adults

(More of a repro problem in dogs, more of a resp problem in cats)

Sem 6: SAM 2 (34 decks)

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