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Sem 6: SAM 2 > FeLV + FIV + Coronavirus > Flashcards

FeLV + FIV + Coronavirus Flashcards

1
Q

What subtype of FeLV is associated with neoplasia?

A

Subgroup B is associated with neoplasia (lymphoma)

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2
Q

What subgroup of FeLV is associated with non regenerative anemias?

A

Subgroup C is associated with non regenerative anemias

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3
Q

What cat breed showed an increased prevelance of FeLV 20 to 30 years ago?

A

Abyssinians

(better now that they were bred out)

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4
Q

How is FeLV transmitted?

A
  • Saliva
  • Milk
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Any body secretions
  • Sharing water and food bowls, sharing litter boxes
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5
Q

What age of cats are more susceptible to FeLV infection?

A
  • Younger cats more susceptible due to limited antibodies

(higher antibodies in adult cats, able to clear infection better)

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6
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes of FeLV infection in cats?

A
  • Regressor cats (high cell mediated response, able to clear infection)
  • Transient viremia then clears infection 3-6 weeks after
  • Viremic and becomes latent in bone marrow
  • Viremic with persistent infection within bone marrow
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7
Q

Cats that are FeLV+ have _____ times the risk of getting Lymphoma

A

60x (direct oncogenic effect)

(FIV is 6x risk of getting lymphoma)

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8
Q

What clinical signs can be seen in cats with persistent FeLV infection?

A
  • Anemia
  • Gingivostomatitis
  • Glossitis
  • CNS signs
  • Anisocoria
  • UTIs
  • Priapism
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Lymphadenopathy
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9
Q

What does the FeLV ELISA snap test look for?

A

p27 antigen indicating viremia

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10
Q

What tests are available to diagnose FeLV in a cat?

A
  • ELISA snap (detecting p27 antigen)
  • Direct FA (detecting p27 antigen)
  • Live virus isolation
  • PCR (detecting proviral DNA)
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11
Q

How can a positive FA test for FeLV be interpreted?

A
  • Detects p27 antigen in blood or BM
  • Positive FA indicates a persistent infection within the bone marrow OR latent infection in the bone marrow
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12
Q

How can a positive PCR test for FeLV be interpreted?

A
  • Indicates infection within the bone marrow
  • Either latent or persistent infection within bone marrow

(most commonly used, high sensitivity and specificity)

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13
Q

What is the best diagnostic test to run if you’re expecting a latent FeLV infection?

A

PCR able to detect low levels that would be missed with ELISA snap test

(IMPT: Latent FeLV will show a negative ELISA snap test but a positive PCR)

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14
Q

What are the limitations for using FeLV ELISA snap test?

A
  • False positive if recently vaccinated
  • Unable to pick up latent and weak infections (PCR > ELISA)
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15
Q

How do you proceed with treatment in a cat that has a positive FeLV ELISA snap and a negative direct FA or PCR?

A
  • May have transient viremia (p27 antigen present in blood), retest PCR in 6-8 weeks to see if infection was cleared or further spread to bone marrow
  • Could be a false positive
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16
Q

How can a positive FeLV PCR with a negative ELISA snap test be interpreted?

A
  • Likely a latent FeLV infection within the bone marrow
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17
Q

How can a positive FeLV FA test with a positive ELISA snap test be interpreted?

A
  • Most likely persistently infected (FeLV p27 antigen present in the blood and bone marrow)
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18
Q

How can you educate your client on control measures for a FeLV positive healthy cat in a multi-cat household?

A
  • Never introduce a new kitten into a FeLV positive household
  • If already living with an older adult cat, that cat probably has antibodies against it but recommend vaccination

(Kittens more at risk, adult cats less likely infected due to antibody protection but its possible)

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19
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for FeLV?

A
  • Not core
  • Doesn’t offer sterilizing immunity
  • Killed vax
  • 1st booster at 8 weeks, 2nd booster 3 weeks later, then booster YEARLY
  • Recommended for outdoor cats atleast initially until > 2 years old
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20
Q

When should a vet recommend a cat get a FeLV vaccine?

A
  • Outdoor cats, atleast initially until > 2 years old
  • Kittens at risk
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21
Q

What subtypes of FIV are infectious in cats?

A

All of them!! A-F

(Unlike FeLV, only Subtype A is infectious)

22
Q

What is the prevelance of FIV in cats?

A
  • Higher incidence in males
  • Higher incidence in ADULT cats
23
Q

How is FIV transmitted between cats?

A
  • Inoculation of blood or saliva
  • Cats fighting
24
Q

How can a positive ELISA snap for FIV be interpreted in a 4 month old kitten?

A
  • Inconclusive, could be positive from maternally derived antibodies
  • Retest kittens at 6 months to have a better idea
25
Q

What can cause a false negative result on a FIV ELISA snap test?

A
  • Acute phase of infection (lag phase)
  • FIV causes immunosupression which can show a false neg antibody response
  • Terminal infection may not have antibodies
26
Q

What is the difference between the FeLV ELISA snap test and the FIV ELISA snap test?

A
  • FeLV ELISA snap is looking for p27 ANTIGEN
  • FIV ELISA snap is looking for ANTIBODIES (which is stupid for a disease that causes immunosupression… lots of false negs)
27
Q

How is FIV treated in cats?

A
  • EPO
  • Darbopoetin
  • Chemo if lymphoma
  • AZT (toxic side effects, rarely used)
  • IFN-a
28
Q

Why are FeLV+ cats at more of a risk for lymphoma than FIV+ cats?

A
  • FeLV has a DIRECT oncogenic effect
29
Q

What are the side effects of EPO and Darbopoetin in cats?

A
  • Erythrocytosis
  • Hypertension
  • Stimulating BM can stimulate tumor growth
30
Q

What subtypes of FIV is the vaccine protective against?

A

A and D

(doesn’t protect against superinfection)

31
Q

What is the recommended vaccination protocol for FIV in cats?

A
  • Killed vaccine!!
  • Not core
  • No sterilizing immunity
  • 1st booster at 8 weeks, 2nd booster 3 weeks later, 3rd booster 3 weeks later, then YEARLY
32
Q

What is a common sequelae to mycoplasma haemofelis infection in cats?

A

Extravascular hemolysis and secondary IMHA

33
Q

What cats are more at risk for mycoplasma haemofelis infection?

A
  • Young cats
  • Males > females
  • Cats with fleas
34
Q

How is FIV transmitted in cats?

A

Fleas!!!! infected blood

(can spread directly from queen to kittens without flea vector)

35
Q

What dogs are more predisposed to getting mycoplasma infections?

A
  • Immunocompromised or Splenectomised dogs
  • Dogs in an area with Brown Dog ticks
36
Q

How is mycoplasma haemocanis transmitted in dogs?

A

Brown dog tick

(fleas in cats)

37
Q

What is the treatment for dogs and cats with mycoplasma infections?

A
  • Doxycycline 1st line
  • Pradofloxacin

(Avoid enrofloxacin in cats.. causes retinopathy and blindness)

38
Q

What is the best diagnostic test available for mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats?

A
  • RT PCR
39
Q

What clinical signs do cats with coronavirus typically present with?

A
  • GI and URT signs
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Sneezing

(less commonly get dry or wet FIP)

40
Q

What causes FIP in cats?

A

Syndrome that occurs from mutations and variants of Feline Coronavirus

41
Q

How can coronavirus cause FIP in cats?

A
  • FCoV mutates, leaves the gut and systemically spreads throughout tissues
42
Q

What age of cats are most susceptible to FIP?

A

Cats < 2 years old

43
Q

What is the most common cause of death in kittens 15-27 weeks old?

A

FIP

44
Q

What breeds are more predisposed to FCoV infection?

A

- Ragdolls
- Persians
- Maine coons
- Burmans

(fluffy cat breeds)

45
Q

What causes a dry form of FIP in cats and what clinical manifestations can be seen?

A
  • Partial CMI
  • Vomiting and Diarrhea
  • Focal inflammation of eyes, kidney, brain, liver
  • Kidney granulomas
46
Q

What causes a wet form of FIP in cats and what clinical manifestations can be seen?

A
  • Weak CMI (more common in kittens)
  • High protein fluid in body cavities
47
Q

What characteristics from fluid analysis are highly suggestive of the wet form of FIP in cats?

A
  • Progranulomatous (macs and neuts)
  • Sterile infection, no bacteria
  • High protein
  • High USG
  • Cloudy exudate
48
Q

What signalment is most common with FIP infection in cats?

A
  • Young pedigree, rescue cats, multi-cat households
49
Q

What diagnostics are indicated for diagnosis of FIP in cats?

A
  • Albumin: Globulin ratio
  • FCoV titers
  • A1 acid glycoprotein levels
  • Rivalta test
  • IHC and biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose FIP

(most tests are suggestive but not definitive)

50
Q

What virus in cats is the Rivalta test used for?

A

FIP (from mutated FCoV infection)

51
Q

How long do cats with Coronavirus shed the infection?

A

Shedding can continue for 18 months

52
Q

What treatment options are available for FIP in cats?

A
  • Remdezovere (recently legalized for vets use)
  • Nucleoside analog GS-441524 (Owner must give it, not legal for vet use)

Sem 6: SAM 2 (26 decks)

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