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ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control > Zoonotic Diseases > Flashcards

Zoonotic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what type of virus is West Nile Virus? Is it an RNA virus or a DNA virus?

A

Enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus

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2
Q

what animal is the primary vector?

A

Mosquito

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3
Q

what species of animal is the maintenance host or reservoir?

A

birds

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4
Q

what species (2) are the main incidental hosts?

A

humans & horses

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5
Q

what body system is most severely affected?

A

central nervous system

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6
Q

do chickens typically develop clinical signs for WNV? Why might we use them in a sentinel program?

A
  • No chickens don’t develop clinical signs
  • Use the chickens to search for antibodies
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7
Q

what is qRT-PCR?

A

Real-time quantitative Reverse transcription PCR

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8
Q

what is the treatment for WNV?

A

none

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9
Q

what is the best method to control WNV spreading in an area?

A
  • Control mosquito population within the area
  • Sentinels
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10
Q

are vaccines available for horses? For birds?

A

Horses = vaccine available
Birds = not available

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11
Q

how do the rabies virus spreads from a bite wound to the salivary glands.

A
  • The virus travels from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord. Then from the spinal cord to the brain
  • From the brain, the virus then travels via peripheral nerves to the salivary glands
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12
Q

the two clinical forms of rabies infection.

A
  • Inflammation of the brain
  • Inflammation of the spinal cord
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13
Q

is rabies typically treatable in humans? In animals?

A

Humans = treatable
Animals = not treatable

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14
Q

name one state that is free of rabies

A

hawaii

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15
Q

what is the typical reservoir for rabies?

A

Wildlife (skunks, raccoons, bats, and canines)

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16
Q

what is the typical incubation period for rabies?

A

21-80 days

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17
Q

RABIES

what is one factor affecting the length of the incubation period?

A

Partially determined by the location of the wound (distance to the brain)

18
Q

what test is used to test for rabies?

A
  • PCR
  • Necropsy
  • Antibody staining of the brain
19
Q

what a. structure is used to provide a preliminary diagnosis histologically?

A

brain

20
Q

what animal is the definitive host for Toxoplasmosis?

A

cats

21
Q

Toxoplasmosis

what is the infectious stage of this parasite that is found in feces?

A

Sexual stage (oocysts)

22
Q

Toxoplasmosis

which stage can be found in muscle (tissues)?

A

Bradyzoite

23
Q

Toxoplasmosis

which infectious stage is responsible for dissemination in tissues and disease?

A

Tachyzoite stage

24
Q

Toxoplasmosis

how long does it take for the oocysts to become infectious?

A

After 1-5 days

25
Q

Toxoplasmosis

what stages can be found in hosts other than cats?

A

Tachyzoites/bradyzoites

26
Q

Toxoplasmosis

what is the most important clinical presentation in small ruminants?

A
  • Abortion/stillbirth/birth defects
27
Q

what are the tests that can be used to diagnose acute toxoplasmosis.

A
  • Serologic tests
  • Microscopic examination
28
Q

what other protozoa can look like Toxoplasma? What tests can be used to differentiate them?

A
  • Sarcocystis, neospora
  • Tests to differentiate them:
    o PCR
    o immunohistochemistry
29
Q

what can be used to treat Toxoplasma?

A
  • Drugs (clindamycin)
30
Q

Toxoplasma

what are some ways to avoid exposure in humans?

A
  • Pregnant women should avoid cleaning litter boxes
  • Avoid digging in the soil where cats have defecated
31
Q

what does BSE stand for?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

32
Q

what disease in small ruminants does it resemble?

A

Scrapie of sheep’s and goats

33
Q

what is the causative agent?

A

prion

34
Q

what is the difference between BSE and vCJD?

A

BSE is found in cattle, where vCJD is a human-form of disease branching off from BSE

35
Q

what is the most likely mode of transmission between animals?

A
  • Maternal transmission
  • Feed contamination
36
Q

how do humans contract vCJD?

A

Humans consuming animal products with BSE

37
Q

what is the typical incubation period for BSE in cattle?

A

2-8 years

38
Q

what is the part of the brain that we target for BSE testing in ruminants?

A

Region of the obex (brain)

39
Q

BSE

what is the histologic change caused by prions in the brain?

A
  • Spongiform changes in gray matter
  • Abnormal prion protein
40
Q

what is the gold standard test for BSE? What are some other tests?

A
  • Immunohistochemistry tests (IHC) gold standard
  • Other tests:
    o Rapid diagnostic tests
41
Q

what are the causes of the 3 types of spongiform encephalopathies in humans and how do they differ?

A
  • Kuru, affected mostly women and children. Cannibalism was the main source
  • vCJD, consuming BSE-contaminated foods
  • CJD, is not caused by eating BSE-contaminated food products

ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control (16 decks)

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