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ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control > Narrated Immune System > Flashcards

Narrated Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivities?

A

(I) immediate, “allergic response”
(II) antibody-mediated/cytotoxic
(III) immune complexes
(IV) delayed hypersensitivity

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2
Q

(I) immediate, “allergic response”

A
  • Mediated by IgE, mast cells, eosinophils, histamine
  • Antigen = allergens
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3
Q

(II) antibody-mediated/cytotoxic

A
  • Mediated by IgG and IgM
  • Antigen = cell or matrix associated antigens
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4
Q

(III) immune complexes

A
  • Mediated by IgG and IgM
  • Antigen = soluble antigen (bacterial/viral antigens)
  • Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes
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5
Q

(IV) delayed hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated by T-lymphocytes
  • Antigen = soluble antigen, contact antigens, and cell-associated antigens
  • Perivascular cellular infiltrates, edema, cell destruction, granuloma formation
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6
Q

what are the different things to consider when determining an appropriate vaccine schedule?

A
  • Risk and benefit assessment
  • Core vs. non-core vaccines
  • Consider state regulations
    (in California, must vaccinate for Rabies after dogs are 4 months/cats are 3 months old)
  • Start vaccination after maternal immunity wane (usually ~6wks in puppies)
  • Consider duration of immunity
  • Consider timing of disease (ex around birthing)
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7
Q

what are the different methods of vaccine administration?

A
  • Commonly injected subcutaneously (SC or SQ) or intramuscularly (IM)
  • Administered in feed or water for large scale
    (feeding chickens)
  • can induce local immunity, requires individual handling of animals unless aerosolization is incorporated
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8
Q

adjuvant

A

applied after the initial treatment for cancer, especially to suppress secondary tumor formation

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9
Q

differences between noninfectious & infectious

A

noninfectious (killed)
- Stimulates primarily CD4 T cells
- Doesn’t replicate
- Normally does not go to site of initial infection
- Safe to give to immunocompromised animals
- Has to be boostered more frequently (exception rabies vaccine)

infectious (live)
- Stimulates CD4 T cells, antibody and CD8 T cells
- Replicates
- Can replicate in appropriate tissues and stimulate appropriate immunity
- Not safe to give to immunocompromised animals
- Boostered less frequently

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10
Q

what is an ideal vaccine?

A
  • must be safe and have protective immunity
  • protection must be sustained
  • should be inexpensive
  • should be biologically stable
  • easy to administer

example: leakage vaccines
- you still get infection but are prevented from severe illness

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11
Q

what is the difference between primary & secondary defense?

A

primary defense:
- low levels of antibodies
- low IgG

secondary defense:
- higher levels of antibodies
- high IgG

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12
Q

what are 3 antigen presenting cells?

A
  1. B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage
  2. T cell (naive helper)
  3. sensitized helper T cell
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13
Q

what is DIVA? why is it important?

A

differentiation of infected from vaccinated animal

  • to distinguish infected and vaccinated animals
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14
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A
  1. IgG: simple monomer
  2. IgM: Pentamer
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD

“GAMED”

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15
Q

IgG: simple monomer

A

Most common antibody in serum (75%)

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16
Q

IgM: Pentamer

A
  • 1st antibody produced during a humoral response
  • 2nd most common serum immunoglobulin
17
Q

IgA

A
  • Third most common antibody in serum
  • Major class of antibody in secretions (mucus, tears, saliva, milk, intestinal fluid)
  • Dimer in mucosa
  • Monomer in serum
18
Q

IgE

A
  • Least common antibody (<1%)
  • Usually found bound to mast cells/basophils
  • Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infectious
19
Q

IgD

A
  • found in low amounts (<1%)
  • Regulates lymphocyte activity
20
Q

what are the function/characteristics of CD4+ lymphocytes and CD8+ lymphocytes?

A

CD4
- “Helper Cells”
- Provide growth and activating factors for B cells and other T cells

  • Only recognize antigen presented on class II MHC
  • Generally interacts with antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

CD8
- Kills other cells infected with intracellular pathogens
- Only recognize antigen presented on class I MHC

T CELLS!

21
Q

which cells express MHC class 1 or 2?

A

MHC class 1
- Expressed on all cells, except RBCs
- Presents peptides derived from proteins within cytosol of cells

MHC class 2
- Expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells
(Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, thymic epithelial cells)
- Binds to peptides taken in from outside of cell

22
Q

opsonins

A

-Electrostatic charge on bacteria must be neutralized by coating with positively charged molecules

-include lectin, some complement components (e.g. C3b), and antibodies

23
Q

what are the two branches of adaptive immunity and the cells that play a role?

A
  1. antibody response/B cells
    - Those that grow in extracellular fluids
  2. mediated response/T cells
    - Those that grow inside cells
24
Q

what is the function of histamine and TNF-α?

A

TNFa:
- Binds to receptors on vascular endothelium
and attracts circulating neutrophils

-histamine:
- Increase vascular permeability, cause vasodilation, and increase leakage of protein

25
Q

what is the complement system? what are the membrane attack complexes?

A

complement system:
- Forms membrane attack complexes to directly kill pathogens
- plasma proteins are activated in a cascade of proteolytic reactions on microbial surfaces

membrane attack complexes:
- punch holes of the cell membrane of bacteria

26
Q

what is present in neutrophil granules? and mast cell granules?

A

neutrophil granules: stages of phagocytosis
- opsonins are present
- Ingestion of the bacteria occurs via phagocytosis
- destruction of bacteria occurs in 2 processes

mast cell granules: innate immunity
- tissue-based cells
- Granules that are released – histamine and TNFa

27
Q

what are the two processes that neutrophils may use to destroy bacteria?

A
  1. respiratory burst
  2. Lytic enzymes/antimicrobial peptides from intracellular granules
28
Q

what are the 3 steps of neutrophil phagocytosis?

A
  1. Electrostatic charge on bacteria must be neutralized by coating with positively charged molecules (opsonins)
  2. Ingestion of the bacteria occurs via phagocytosis
  3. Destruction of bacteria occurs via two processes
29
Q

what are he 5 steps of neutrophil diapedesis?

A
  1. Margination
  2. rolling
  3. Tight-binding (stable adhesion)
  4. Diapedesis
  5. Migration/chemotaxis
30
Q

which cell is most important in defense against extracellular bacteria?

A

NK cells

  • Kills cells that do not express a MHC I (self) molecule
  • Kills cells expressing stress-induced proteins
31
Q

What are the first cells attracted to sites of inflammation?

A

neutrophils

32
Q

what are the 4 hallmarks of inflammation?

A
  1. calor (heat)
  2. dolor (pain)
  3. rubor (redness)
  4. tumor (swelling)
33
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes and their characteristics?

A
  1. Natural killer cells (NK cells)
    - Part of the innate immune system
    - No MHC restriction; not antigen specific
  2. B lymphocytes (B cells)
    - Differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
    - Express CD70 protein
  3. T lymphocytes (T cells)
    - Account for 60-80% of the lymphocytes in the blood
    - All express CD3 protein
    - Cytotoxic T cells: kill cells infected with viruses
    - Helper T cells: activates other cells (B cells, macrophages)
34
Q

what are the 2 main hematopoietic cell lines in the bone marrow? which cells are in which lines? Know the basic characteristics of each cell.

A

1.

35
Q

what are the two reasons thymocytes may be killed? Why is this?

A
  1. Result is a population of T-cells that do not recognize the “self”
  2. can react to processed antigen
  • process requires zinc
    killed by apoptosis
36
Q

what are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

primary: (central)
- thymus
- bursa
- peyer’s patches
- bone marrow
(sites of lymphocyte development)

secondary: (peripheral)
- tonsils
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- peyer’s patches
- bone marrow
(sites where lymphocytes respond to antigens

37
Q

4 innate methods of defense against infection

A
  1. physical barriers
    (skin, mucus, coughing/sneezing, tears, urination)
  2. chemical barriers
    Barriers (acidity of stomach, lysozyme in secretions, sweat, tears, semen/vaginal secretions)
  3. microbiological barries
    (normal resident GI flora, “good bacteria”)

ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control (16 decks)

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