Small Ruminant

Question 1

what are the two types of bloat? How do they differ in appearance and etiology.

Answer 1

• Primary “frothy” bloat
  o Caused by entrapment of normal fermentative gases in a stable foam
• Secondary bloat (free-gas bloat)
  o Physical obstruction or eructation due to:
   Esophageal obstruction
   Postural
   Interference of the rumen/reticulum

Question 2

what is the medical term for Hardware Disease? Make sure you understand the anatomic relationship between the different organs affected?

Answer 2

“traumatic reticuloperitonitis”
- Associated from the rumen to the reticulum

Question 3

HARDWARE DISEASE

what is the easiest way to prevent the disease?

Answer 3

• Surgical removal
• Antibiotics and a magnet to prevent a recurrence
• Euthanasia
• Avoid sites with loose metal

Question 4

what kind of virus causes CAE? What sheep virus is it closely related to? What three body systems do they affect? Which syndrome is most commonly seen in young goats?

Answer 4

CAE= Caprine arthritis encephalitis
- Closely related to OPP (ovine progressive pneumonia)
- Cervical & lumbosacral spinal cord, brain
- Syndrome: encephalomyelitis

Question 5

when are most kids infected with CAE? How can we prevent transmission?

Answer 5

• During the first few weeks after birth
• Permanent isolation of kids beginning at birth
• Feed heat treated colostrum’s and pasteurized milk

Question 6

which type of Clostridium perfringens causes Enterotoxemia/Overeating Disease? Which one causes Yellow Lamb Disease? Which one causes Hemorrhagic Enterotoxemia?

Answer 6

Type D = enterotoxemia/overeating disease
Type A= yellow lamb disease
Type C= hemorrhagic enterotoxemia

Question 7

what bacteria causes Big Head in sheep?

Answer 7

Clostridium novyi

Question 8

what bacteria causes Black Disease? What organ is involved?

Answer 8

Clostridium novyi
- Liver

Question 9

what bacteria causes Malignant Edema?

Answer 9

Clostridium septicum

Question 10

what bacteria causes Braxy? What organ is involved?

Answer 10

• Clostridium speticum
• Abomasum

Question 11

what bacteria causes Blackleg?

Answer 11

Clostridium chauvoei

Question 12

what bacteria causes Redwater Disease?

Answer 12

Clostridium haemolyticum

Question 13

what two bacteria cause contagious foot rot?

Answer 13

• Fusobacterium necrophorum
• Dichelobacter nodosus

Question 14

what are the two most common areas for uroliths to lodge in ruminants?

Answer 14

• sigmoid flexure
• urethral process

Question 15

what is the most important stomach worm of small ruminants? How does it kill animals?

Answer 15

Barber pole worm
- Sucks blood from host animal

Question 16

what does the FAMACHA score tell us?

Answer 16

1. Body condition score
2. Coat condition
3. Evidence scouring
4. Fecal egg counts
5. FECRT

Question 17

why is cattle feed toxic to sheep? What are the body effects of elevated copper?

Answer 17

• Feed for cattle is high in copper (toxic levels for sheep)
• High copper = hepatotoxicity & destruction of red blood cells

Question 18

what is the cause of pregnancy toxemia in sheep? What are three predisposing causes?

Answer 18

• Inadequate nutrition during late gestation

1. Pregnant females with poor BCS
2. Over conditioned
3. Carrying more than one fetus

Question 19

how do we diagnose pregnancy toxemia?

Answer 19

Urine ketones, serum BHB

Question 20

what causes polioencephalomalacia? What are the gross lesions and clinical signs associated with it?

Answer 20

• Deficiency of thiamine
• Gross lesions: brain tissue may fluoresce under UV light
• Clinical signs:
  o Blindness
  o Head pressing
  o Teeth grinding
  o twitching what bacteria causes Caseous

Question 21

what bacteria causes Caseous lymphadenitis? What are the gross lesions and clinical signs associated with it?

Answer 21

• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
• Clinical signs:
  o Weight loss
  o Enlarged lymph nodes
  o Abscesses
  o Internal and external form

Question 22

what causes contagious ecthyma? What is the disease it causes in humans called?

Answer 22

• Caused by parapoxvirus
• Orf (zoonotic)