Canine Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
what diseases are addressed in the 5 in 1 canine vaccine?
A
- Distemper
- Hepatitis
- Leptospira
- Parainfluenza
- parvovirus
2
Q
which virus is added to the 6 in one?
A
- DHLPP + coronavirus (mild disease, not considered “core” by many)
3
Q
which are the core canine vaccines? What do we mean by core vaccines?
A
- Distemper
- Hepatitis
- Leptospira
- Parvovirus
These vaccines are recommended for all puppies and dogs
4
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
What kind of virus causes it?
A
Paramyxovirus (related to measle virus)
5
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
What species of animals are affected
A
- Systematic viral disease in dogs and other carnivores:
o Raccoons
o Foxes
o Ferrets
o Marine mammals
6
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
is it zoonotic?
A
no
7
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
Highly contagious or not?
A
highly contagious
8
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
Transmission: vertical, horizontal, or both?
A
both
9
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
Is there a carrier state?
A
Infected animals may shed the virus for month’s (carriers)
10
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
What signs are seen in the acute phase?
A
- Fever, leukopenia
- Resp signs
o Coughing, sneezing, dyspnea
o Nasal discharge
11
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
what signs are seen in the subacute phase?
A
- Gastrointestinal signs
o Diarrhea, vomiting
o anorexia
12
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
what signs are seen in the secondary (chronic) phase?
A
- Hyperkeratosis ( hard pad disease)
- Enamel hypoplasia (if infected as a puppy)
- Neurological signs:
o Twitch/trembling, ataxia, limb weakness
o Seizures
13
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
what additional lesion can be seen in puppies?
A
Enamel hypoplasia
14
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
Are the white blood cells increased or decreased?
A
Decreased white blood cells
15
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
is there specific treatment for this disease? If so, what?
A
- Supportive care:
o Antibiotics, fluid, nutrition, analgesics, antipyretics
o Anticonvulsants - Immunization with a modified-live vaccine
16
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
how do we prevent this disease?
A
Environmental control
17
Q
CANINE DISTEMPER
is the virus easy to kill or difficult to kill with disinfectants?
A
no
18
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
What is the name of the bacteria?
A
Leptospira interrogans
19
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
What type of bacteria is it?
A
spirochete
20
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
What is the species range?
A
Affects all domestic animals, wildlife
21
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
is it zoonotic?
A
yes
22
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
what serovars are most commonly seen in dogs?
A
Canicola
23
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
what is the maintenance host for the canicola serovar?
A
Dogs are the “maintenance host”
24
Q
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
in dogs, is transmission usually vertical, horizontal, or both?
A
both
25
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
is there a carrier state? Where does the bacteria like to persist?
- Rodents, raccoons, opossums are main carriers
- In Hawaii, feral pigs are often carriers
- They like to survive will in surface waters
26
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
what two body systems are typically affected?
kidney & liver
27
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
is there specific treatment for this disease? If so, what?
- Symptomatic and supportive
- Antibiotics
28
CANINE LEPTOSPIRA
how do we prevent this disease?
- Commercial vaccines
- Reduce exposure
29
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
what kind of virus causes it?
Non-enveloped DNA virus
30
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
what species of animals are affected?
canine
31
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
what breeds of dogs are especially at risk?
Rottweilers, pit bulls, Dobermans, german shepherds
32
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
is it zoonotic?
no
33
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
Transmission: vertical, horizontal, or both?
both
34
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
what is the basic pathogenesis of this disease?
- Virus attacks rapidly dividing cells
- Decreased number of lymphocytes and neutrophils
35
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
what are the typical clinical signs?
- Bloody diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Anorexia
- Fever
- Neutropenia & lymphopenia
36
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
are the white blood cells increased or decreased?
decreased
37
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
is there a specific test for this disease? If so, what?
Fecal viral antigen testing or PCR
38
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
is there a specific treatment for this disease? If so, what?
- Fluids, anti-emetics
- Antibiotics
- Tube feeding
39
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
how do we prevent this disease?
- Vaccination with modified-live vaccine
- Decontaminate/ sanitation
o bleach
40
CANINE PARVOVIRUS
is the virus easy to kill or difficult to kill with disinfectants?
Hard to kill with disinfectants
41
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what is this disease also known as?
cushing's disease
42
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what hormone is elevated?
cortisol
43
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what are the three sources of that hormone?
1. Functional tumor of pituitary
2. Functional tumor of the adrenal gland
3. Excessive steroid medication
44
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
which organ secretes cortisol? ACTH? CRH?
ACTH
45
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what are the primary clinical signs? Know the definitions of the three Ps.
- Middle aged to old dogs
- 3P(s):
o Polyuria: urinates too much
o Polydipsia: drinks too much
o Polyphagia: eats too much
- Heptamegaly: big liver
46
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what is calcinosis cutis?
The deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissue
47
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what is the pattern of hair loss?
- Thin skin
- Hyperpigmentation
- Cutaneous mineralization
48
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
which liver enzymes are increased? Which is the one that is dramatically increased?
- Liver enzyme increased = ALP* & ALT
49
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
what white blood cell is increased?
Neutrophils and monocytes
50
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
urine test is the screening test?
Urine cortisol: creatine ratio
51
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
which blood test can distinguish between natural disease and iatrogenic disease?
ACTH stimulation test
52
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
is the ACTH stimulation test a screening or differentiating test?
screening test
53
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
is the low dose dexamethasone test a screening or differentiating test?
screening test
54
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
is the high dose dexamethasone test a screening or differentiating test?
differentiating test
55
CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
is there specific treatment for this disease? If so, what?
- Pituitary-dependent:
o Radiation
- Adrenal-dependent:
o Surgical removal
56
CANINE HYPOTHYROIDISM
is their metabolic rate increased or decreased?
decreased
57
CANINE HYPOTHYROIDISM
what are the three general causes? Which is the primary cause in dogs?
1. Thyroid destruction (primary)
2. Pituitary problem
3. Iatrogenic causes also possible
58
CANINE HYPOTHYROIDISM
what is the pattern of hair loss?
- Dry skin, shedding, retarded, hair regrowth
- Non-itchy bilaterally symmetric
- Skin thickening in severe cases
59
CANINE HYPOTHYROIDISM
what lab value is diagnostic?
total T4 concentration
60
CANINE HYPOTHYROIDISM
is there specific treatment for this disease? If so, what?
Thyroxine as a supplement (necessary for life)
61
CANINE LYMPHOMA
What are the 4 main forms seen in dogs
1. Multicentric
2. Mediastinal
3. Extranodal
4. Alimentary
62
CANINE LYMPHOMA
what is the origin of the neoplastic cell?
T or B cells
63
CANINE "BLOAT"
what is the medical term used for this condition?
Gastric dilation/volvulus GDV
64
CANINE "BLOAT"
is this an emergency condition or not?
emergency
65
CANINE "BLOAT"
what is the pathogenesis?
- Stomach distends with gas or fluids
- Stomach rotates 90-360, clockwise
66
CANINE "BLOAT"
what are the clinical findings?
- Agitation, discomfort, abdominal pain
- Repeated retching, unsuccessful vomiting
- Excessive salivation
- Abdominal distension
- Hypovolemic shock
67
CANINE "BLOAT"
what is the treatment?
- Fluid therapy
- Decompress the stomach
- Surgery
68
CANINE "BLOAT"
how can we prevent this disease?
- Prophylactic gastropexy in susceptible animals
- Feed small meals
- Avoid exercise after meals
69
HIP DYSPLASIA
how do we treat this condition in small breed dogs?
Femoral head ostectomy (FHO)
70
HIP DYSPLASIA
how do we treat this condition in large breed dogs?
Triple pelvic ostectomy (TPO)
71
HIP DYSPLASIA
what are some nonsurgical ways to manage this disease?
- Weight loss
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Glucosamine/chondroitin
72
HIP DYSPLASIA
how do we diagnose this disease?
- Clinical signs/orthopedic examinations
- Radiographs
o OFA
73
CANINE PYOMETRA
what is it?
Hormonally mediated disorder of the uterus
74
CANINE PYOMETRA
when does it occur?
- Primarily in older bitches
- Occurs 4-6 weeks after heat
75
CANINE PYOMETRA
what is the pathogenesis?
During the period immediately after “heat” there are high levels of progesterone circulating in the blood. Progesterone promotes endometrial growth and glandular secretion. Also inhibit WBC response to bacterial infection.
76
CANINE PYOMETRA
What are they clinical findings? What is the cause of the polydipsia? How do open pyometras differ in their presentation from closed pyometras? What do we mean by open vs. closed?
Clinical findings:
- Lethargy
- Anorexia
- Drinking more water
- Urinating more
- Vomiting
- Foul-smelling, blood vaginal discharge
- Abdominal distension
Polydipsia: not drinking enough water
how do you open pyometra vs closed?
- Open pyometra occurs when the cervix is open and therefore the pus is able to drain from the uterus
- Closed pyometra occurs when the cervix is closed and is more life threatening
77
CANINE PYOMETRA
what are the two main ways to treat pyometras?
1. Ovariohysterectomy
2. Supportive care
78
CANINE PANCREATITIS
what are the causes? No need to memorize the different infectious and toxic causes.
Necrosis and inflammation of the pancreas
79
CANINE PANCREATITIS
what is the pathogenesis?
- Dietary indiscretion
- Blunt trauma
- Secretion of pancreatic juice decreases during the stages of the pancreas. Followed by the activation of trypsinogen in the pancreas and triggers more trypsinogen and pancreatic enzymes. Leading to local damages of the pancreas
80
CANINE PANCREATITIS
what are the clinical signs in dogs?
- Anorexia
- Vomiting
- Weakness
- Abdominal pain
- Dehydration
- Diarrhea
81
CANINE PANCREATITIS
what enzymes are elevated in the serum?
Amylase and lipase (enzymes in the pancreas)
82
CANINE PANCREATITIS
which specific enzyme test has good positive predictive value?
Pancreas-specific lipase immunoreactivity
83
CANINE PANCREATITIS
what are three other types of tests used to help with the diagnosis?
1. Abdominal radiographs
2. Ultrasound
3. Biopsy/histology
84
CANINE PANCREATITIS
what kind of diet helps prevent this disease in dogs?
Feeding ultra-low fat diet
