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ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control > Bacteria & viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria & viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Linnaeus system of naming organisms

A

generic name (genus) specific name (species)

example:
Escherichia coli (can be abbreviated E. coli)

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2
Q

what is the difference between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. How does that stain work?

A

gram-positive:
- thin layer of peptidoglycans in cell walls
- pink conunterstrain
(if stain comes out with alcohol)

gram-negative:
- thick layer of peptidoglycans in cell walls
- remains purple
- stain does not come out

all bacteria stain purple with crystal violet

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3
Q

Aerobic

A

Can survive and grow with the present of oxygen

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4
Q

Anaerobic

A

Does not require oxygen for growth (some will die in the presence of

  • Obligate anaerobe: Die in the presence of oxygen
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5
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Uses oxygen if available but has the ability to use anaerobic methods by energy production

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6
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Require oxygen for growth but are harmed by atmospheric concentration of oxygen (21%)

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7
Q

Aerotolerant

A

Do not require oxygen but not poisoned by it

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8
Q

explain the two main divisions of gram-negative bacilli. Know what biochemical test and what agar we use to differentiate them?

A
  1. enterics: bacteria that are facultative anaerobic rods that ferment sugars to produce acid and gas
  2. non-enterics: primarily opportunist, causing infections in the severe illness of hosts. can be isolated from the environment

MacConkey agar to select and differentiate:
- If cannot ferment sugars, will not grow
- Turns pink if can ferment lactose
- Colorless if cannot ferment lactose

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9
Q

Is E. coli gram-negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci?

A
  • gram-negative
  • rods

a lactose-fermentor

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10
Q

what are the three types of pathogenic strains of E. coli?

A

1.Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
2. Enteropathogenic (EPEC)
3. Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)

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11
Q

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)

A
  • Heat-labile & heat-stable toxins
  • example: Edema disease
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12
Q

Enteropathogenic (EPEC)

A
  • Attaching and effacing mechanism
  • example: Neonatal calf diarrhea
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13
Q

Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)

A
  • E. coli O157:H7 strain, uses bacterial fimbriae for attachment and has a Shiga-like toxin
  • example: Hemolytic uremic syndrome
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14
Q

what is endotoxin?

A
  • Came out of Gram-negative bacteria
  • All have lipopolysaccharide outer membrane of the cell wall
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15
Q

What is the primary Salmonella species that we deal with in veterinary medicine? Is it gram negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci?

A

2 salmonella species:
S. enterica (PRIMARY)
S. bongori

  • gram-negative
  • rods
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16
Q

what antigen is used to group S. enterica?

A

Salmonella Typhimurium

S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Group B, 1,4,5,12:i:-

17
Q

Is Yersinia pestis gram negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci? What is the common name of the disease that it causes?

A
  • gram-negative
  • rods
  • common name, “plague” (bubonic plague)
18
Q

what are the three forms of Yersinia pestis disease that are seen in animals?

A

Bubonic form:
- Acute disease with lymph node abscessation

septicemic form:
- Necrosis of liver, spleen and lungs

Pulmonic form:
- Severe acute pneumonia

Affects the liver, spleen, and lungs

19
Q

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa a primary pathogen? Or is it opportunistic? Is it gram-negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci?

A
  • opportunistic pathogen
  • gram-negative
  • rod
20
Q

Is Brucella gram negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci?

A
  • small gram-negative
  • cocci
21
Q

Is Francisella tularensis gram negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci? What is the common name of the disease that it causes?

A
  • gram-negative
  • rod
  • Tularemia
22
Q

what are 3 forms of Francisella tularensis that are seen in animals?

A
  1. Pneumonic form
  2. typhoidal
  3. ulceroglandular or oculoglandular
23
Q

what does Haemophlius require in order to grow on blood agar?

A
  • Require hemin, NAD, or NADP in order to grow on blood agar (satellitosis)
  • tiny gram-negative pleomorphic rods

one of the few gram-negative diseases that can be treated with PENICILLIN

24
Q

what are the three general groups of gram-positive bacilli?

A

Endospore formers: Bacillus, Clostridium

Non-endospore formers: Listeria, Erisipelothrix

Irregular-shaped and staining properties: Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia

25
Q

how do we diagnose Bacillus anthracis? What group of animals is it most commonly seen in? How do we treat or control it? Is Bacillus anthracis gram negative or positive? Is it a rod or cocci?

A

how to diagnose:
- Peripheral blood for smears and culture
- Cotton swab dipped in blood and allowed to dry
- DON’T OPEN SUSPECT ANIMALS!!!
- Classic lesion is enlarged, necrotic spleen, dark red to black “currant jelly” with blood oozing from all orifices

group of animals it is commonly seen in:
- common in herbivores, can be seen in infected dogs, horses, & pigs

how to treat & control it:
- treat with antibiotics
- bury/burn/dispose of dead animals quickly
- remove the contaminated feed
- vaccines
- decontaminate soil? remove soil?
- disinfectants

  • Gram-positive, endospore-forming
  • motile rods

zoonotic disease

26
Q

are Clostridia gram negative or positive? Are they rods or cocci?

A
  • gram-positive
  • spore-forming rods
27
Q

which bacteria makes toxic shock syndrome toxin? Which bacteria makes exfoliative toxin?

A

toxic shock syndrome -> Staphylococcus

exfoliative toxin -> Staphylococci

28
Q

what are the two main gram positive cocci that we deal with in veterinary medicine? Which one tests to arrange themselves in long chains or pairs? Which one forms catalase?

A

2 main gram-positive cocci:
Staphylococcus spp.
- catalase positive
- spherical bacteria & arranged in clusters

Streptococcus sp.
- noon-spore forming, non-motile
- do not form catalase

29
Q

describe the two ways that Streptococci are classified

A
  1. Hemolytic properties on blood Agar
  2. serologic group
30
Q

what are the 8 groups that viruses can be divided based on the form of their genetic material?

A

DNA viruses
1. double-stranded
- double-stranded circular
2. single-stranded

RNA viruses
3. double-stranded
4. (+) single-stranded
5. (-) single-stranded
6. single-stranded RT virus
7. double-stranded RT virus

31
Q

what are the general steps a virus must complete to set up a systemic infection?

A
  1. Virus undergoes primary replication at the site of entry and in regional lymph nodes
  2. Progeny virus spreads to the blood (primary viremia) and lymphatics to other organs
  3. Virus is disseminated to the other target organs via a secondary viremia
  4. Multiplies further in these target organs where it causes cellular degeneration and/or necrosis, tissue injury, and clinical disease

ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control (16 decks)

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