Bovine diseases

Question 1

how many rumen contractions should beef cattle have per minute?

Answer 1

1-2/minute

Question 2

what is the normal respiration rate of beef cattle?

Answer 2

10-30 breaths per minute

Question 3

what disease is the leading cause of mortality in all classes of cattle?

Answer 3

“Shipping fever”: bovine respiratory disease

Question 4

what are the three contributing causes involved in bovine respiratory disease complex?

Answer 4

• Stress
• Viral agents
• Bacterial agents

Question 5

name the 4 viruses involved in BRDC. Which ones are caused by paramyxoviruses?

Answer 5

• BVDV
• IBR
• PI3 (caused by paramyxoviruses)
• BRSV

Question 6

name the 5 bacteria that are involved in BRDC. Which ones are considered normal flora?

Answer 6

• Mannheimia haemolytica (normal flora)
• Pasteurella multocida
• Histophilus somnus
• Arcanobacterium pyogenes
• Mycoplasma bovis

Question 7

what does IBR stand for? What kind of virus causes it? Is it associated with reproductive disease?

Answer 7

IBR = Infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis
- Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1)
- Yes! Associated with reproductive disease

Question 8

which type of IBR vaccines are safe to use in pregnant cattle? Which type of vaccine is used during an outbreak?

Answer 8

IBR vaccine safe in pregnant cows:
- Killed vaccine
- Intranasal vaccine (used during an outbreak)

Question 9

what two other syndromes are seen with Mycoplasma bovis apart from respiratory disease?

Answer 9

1. Otitis interna
2. Septic arthritis

Question 10

which virus causes diarrhea in very young calves (less than 1 week)?

Answer 10

Rotavirus

Question 11

which virus causes diarrhea in calves 3-21d of age?

Answer 11

Bovine coronavirus

Question 12

what kind of virus is BVD? RNA/DNA? What family?

Answer 12

• RNA virus
• Flaviviridae

Question 13

explain how we get a BVD PI animal. What age does the fetus need to be infected? Explain how mucosal disease develops.

Answer 13

• Transmitted by close contact with PI animals or acutely infected animals
  o Via oral or nasal routed
  o Biting insects can also spread disease
• 2 weeks the fetus can become infected

Question 14

what is the only test that can distinguish a PI animal from an acutely infected animal? Why does this matter?

Answer 14

Antigen capture ELISA
- This test is available for bovines only!

Question 15

4 strategies to control BVD within a herd.

Answer 15

1. Supportive therapy only
2. Eliminate PI cattle
3. Vaccination
4. Quarantine new cattle for 2-4 weeks

Question 16

what are the two main types of E. coli that cause diarrhea in calves? Which one is attaching and effacing? How do we diagnose/differentiate them? Which one causes disease in very young calves?

Answer 16

1. EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli)
   a. Attaching and effacing
   b. In calves <21 days old
2. ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli)
   a. In calves <3-5 days old
   b. Causes disease in VERY YOUNG CALVES

Question 17

what are the three serovars of Salmonella that are most commonly found in cattle? What are the clinical signs? Why would we not treat with antibiotics?

Answer 17

• Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, Dublin, and Newport
• Clinical signs:
  o Fever
  o Watery DI
  o Straining of defecate
• Antibiotics may extend the period in which can carry the bacteria and can infect others

Question 18

are Clostridia Gram negative or positive? Are they aerobic or anaerobic?
a. What are the clinical signs we see with Types A, C, D, E? What information can the different diagnostic tests give us?

Answer 18

• Gram-positive rods
• Anaerobic
• Type A signs:
  o Abdominal distension with pain
  o Depression
  o Anorexia
  o Sudden death
  o Inflammation of abomasum
• Type B signs:
  o Hemorrhagic enteritis in neonatal calves
• Type C signs:
  o Sudden death
  o Depression
  o Weak
  o Abdominal distension with pain
  o Bloody DI
• Type D signs:
  o Neurologic disease
  o Sudden death in healthy claves
  o Enterotoxaemia
  o Overeating disease
• Type E signs:
  o Fatal
  o Enterotoxaemia neonatal calves

Question 19

What bacteria causes Johne’s disease? Long or short incubation? Clinical or subclinical most common? Blood in diarrhea or not?
a. how is it transmitted?

Answer 19

• Caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis
• Long incubation
• Subclinical signs are most common
• No blood in DI
• Transmission:
  o Oral ingestion of feces, colostrum, and milk

Question 20

what are the classic necropsy lesions seen with Johne’s disease?

Answer 20

• Granulomatous enteritis
• Granulomatous lymphangitis
• Granulomatous lymphadenitis

Question 21

what protozoal parasite causes diarrhea in very young calves? Is it zoonotic?

Answer 21

• Cryptosporidia
• ZOONOTIC

Question 22

what is the premise behind the Sandhill’s Calving method?

Answer 22

Pregnant cows moved every 2 weeks so that calves are born on clean pasture

Question 23

what protozoal parasite is a venereal disease of cattle? Is it reportable in Hawaii? Know that bulls can be asymptomatic; know the signs seen in cows. Is it zoonotic?
a. How do we diagnose the condition in bulls?

Answer 23

• Trichomoniasis
• REPORTABLE in Hawaii
• Bulls are asymptomatic
• Clinical signs in cows:
  o Irregular heat periods
  o Infertility
  o Endometritis
  o Uterine infection
• NOT zoonotic
• Diagnose in bulls:
  o PCR test
  o A microscopic examination from preputial folds of bull