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ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control > Basic concepts of diseases > Flashcards

Basic concepts of diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is disease?

A

harmful deviation from the normal structure or functional state of an organism

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2
Q

epidemiology

A

study of incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

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3
Q

pathology

A

the science of the causes and effects of diseases

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4
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of the disease and the chain of events leading to that disease

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5
Q

koch’s postulates

A
  1. the agent is present in every case of the disease
  2. the agent must be isolated from a diseased animal
  3. the cultured microorganism should cause the disease when introduced into a healthy animal
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6
Q

agent (examples)

only have to know a few

A
  • toxicity
  • dose
  • pathogenicity: ability to cause disease
  • infectivity: ability to infect
  • immunogenicity: ability to provide immune response
  • antigenic stability: agent is stable in environment long enough
  • survival: does it cause death too quickly to be passed on
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7
Q

environment (examples)

A
  • weather
  • housing
  • management
  • geography
  • air quality
  • nutrition
  • stock density
  • animal movement between groups
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8
Q

host factors (examples)

A
  • age
  • sex
  • genotype
  • behavior
  • nutritional status
  • health status
  • stress status
  • reproductive status
  • immune status
  • innate resistance
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9
Q

steps during “disease” development in an animal

A
  1. exposure
  2. incubation
  3. prodromal
  4. decline
  5. convalescence
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10
Q

asymptomatic

A

no symptoms

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11
Q

latent

A

symptoms appear a long time after initial development

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12
Q

clinical

A

symptoms are present

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13
Q

incubation period

A

interval from exposure to clinical symptoms

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14
Q

carrier status

A

usually no clinical symptoms but can transmit infection for long periods

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15
Q

communicable (contagious, transmissible, infectious)

A

spread from one animal to another

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16
Q

non-communicable

A

arises from outside of hosts or from opportunistic pathogen

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17
Q

clinical sign (important)

A

something that somebody else can see, based upon physical findings

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18
Q

symptom (important)

A

the subjective experience of the patient

ex: the owner believes of what the symptoms are of their animal (animals don’t talk)

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19
Q

lesion

A

area of tissue with an abnormal structure or function

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20
Q

susceptible

A

animal at risk of developing a disease, if exposed to the agent

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21
Q

reservior

A

a long-term natural host for a disease that serves as the source of infection for other hosts

ex: a group of animals who live in that region

  • Yellowstone bison can infect cattle
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22
Q

vector

A
  • intermediate carrier of the disease to susceptible animals without showing symptoms of disease
  • “individual”

ex: mosquito gave disease to dog

23
Q

local disease

A

confined to a small region of the body

24
Q

systematic disease

A

widespread disease in multiple systems of the body

25
Q

primary disease

A

initial disease in the animal

26
Q

secondary disease

A

follows the primary disease

27
Q

portal of entry

A
  • routes by which infectious agents can infect susceptible animal
  • oral ingestion
28
Q

portal of exit

A
  • Routes by which an infectious agent exits its host
  • urine & feces
29
Q

DAMN IT V !!!

must remember

A

D - degenerative, developmental
A - anomalous
M - metabolic
N- neoplastic
I - infectious, inflammatory, immune-mediated, iatrogenic, idiopathic
T- traumatic, toxic
V - vascular

30
Q

D - degenerative

A
  • chronic, progressive, usually in older animals

ex: arthritis, cataracts

31
Q

D - developmental

A

(congenital)
- usually in younger animals, but can also see in mature animals

ex: cleft palate, agenesis or hypoplasia of organs, “birth defects”

32
Q

A - anomalous

A
  • deviating from “normal”

ex: heart defect, liver shunt

33
Q

M- metabolic

A

Any of the diseases that disrupt normal metabolism (including biochemical reactions)

ex: diabetes, hyperthyroidism in cats

34
Q

N- neoplastic

A

ex: squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma

35
Q

N - nutritional

A
  • Either deficiencies or toxicities
    (too little/too much)

ex: selenium deficiency, copper poisoning in sheep/goats, obesity

36
Q

I - infectious

A

an infectious agent is involved

ex: rabies, kennel cough

37
Q

I - immune-mediated/Inflammatory

A

Result from abnormal function of immune system or excessive inflammatory response

ex: allergies, feline asthma, inflammatory bowel disease

38
Q

I - idiopathic

A

Diseases we don’t know the cause of

ex: idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs

39
Q

T - traumatic

A

limbs, fractures, hemorrhages

40
Q

T - toxic

A

lead poisoning, oleander

41
Q

V - vascular

A

Atherosclerosis, thrombus

42
Q

how are diseases transmitted?

A

horizontal - one individual to another

vertical - from dam to offspring; “direct” transmission

43
Q

routes of horizontal transmission

A
  • direct contact
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
  • sexual
44
Q

direct transmission

A
  • direct contact
  • inoculation
  • transplacental
45
Q

indirect transmission

A
  • fomite
  • vector-borne
  • air-borne
46
Q

pathogen

A

a biologic agent that causes disease

47
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of pathogen to cause disease in host

48
Q

infection

A

entry, development and multiplication of infectious agent

49
Q

exposure

A

no physical response (yet)

50
Q

incubation

A

levels of pathogen increase, physical response, but no disease yet (subclinical)

51
Q

prodromal

A

the first signs of illness

52
Q

decline

A

immune system kicks in or medication takes affect

53
Q

convalescence

A

animal regains strength

54
Q

what is in the epidemiologic triangle?

A
  • host
  • pathogen
  • environment

ANSC 453: Animal Disease & their control (16 decks)

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