Diagnostic tests Flashcards
what is SOAP?
S – subjective
O- objective
A – assessment
P - plan
what are the key elements that make up “signalment”
characteristics of the animal/group of animals
- Species
- Breed
- Color
- Distinctive markings
- Age
- Sex/reproductive status
- Use/production status
- Animal identification
- Herd information
what is the TPR for average-sized adult dogs and cats?
101.0 - 102.5 F
what does the fundic exam allow us to visualize?
Visualization of the cornea
What does tonometry measure?
Measures intraocular pressure
What does the Schirmer tear test measure?
Quantifies tear production
What does the fluorescein stain help detect?
for corneal ulcers
Palpable organs in cats & dogs
- Intestines
- Colon
- Bladder
- Kidneys
- Spleen
Nonpalpable organs in cats & dogs
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Stomach
- Adrenal glands
- Uterus
- Ovaries
- Lymph nodes
Why do we auscult the abdomen of large animals?
To listen to abnormal gut sounds, increased gut sounds, or lack of gut sounds
what are the the pros and cons of using diagnostic tests?
Pros:
- Aids in diagnosing a problem
Cons:
- Does not replace a thorough history and physical exam
- Tests are expensive
- Some tests can be invasive or dangerous
what parameters are measured on a CBC
- PCV (packed cell volume)/ hematocrit
- Red blood cell count (RBC)
- Number of white blood cells (WBC)
- Hemoglobin
- Number of platelets
- Blood film examination
what electrolytes can be measured and know their ionic “charge” (look this up, if you don’t know it).
Serum chemistry helps measure electrolytes
- Glucose (1) & calcium (+2)
- Proteins
- Electrolytes
- Kidney tests
- Liver tests
- Muscle enzymes
what proteins can be measured?
total protein, albumin, immunoglobin
what liver enzymes that can be measured
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
- Alanine transferase (ALT)
- Aspartate transferase (AST)
- Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
- Bilirubin
what are the parameters that can be measured on a urine dipstick
- Blood
- White blood cells
- Protein
- pH
- ketones
- bilirubin
What can urine sediment detect?
crystallization in the urine
what are the 4 main types of imaging that is used in veterinary medicine. Know when we might prefer to use one over another?
- Radiographs (“x-rays”)
a. Bony tissue
b. Soft tissue
c. Without or with contrast - Ultrasound
a. Soft tissue - MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
a. Soft tissue - CT (computed tomography)
a. Bony tissue
b. Soft tissue
What does an ECG measure?
Electrocardiogram: measure electrical activity in the heart
What’s the difference between fecal flotation and fecal sedimentation?
Fecal flotation:
* Salt or sugar solutions to “float” the parasites
* Parasites and parasite ova
Fecal sedimentation:
* For ova or other things that are too large to float
* Typically fluke eggs, larvae
What three things are commonly measure in serologic tests? What 4 types of fluids can be used?
3 types of commonly serologic tests measure:
1. Antigen
2. Antibodies
3. Hormones
4 types of fluids:
1. Fecal
2. Saliva
3. Whole blood
4. urine
what are the principles behind the direct and indirect immunofluorescent/immunoenzymatic tests?
Indirect immunofluorescent: a 2-step serological technique for the detection of circulating antibodies in body fluids, using 2 antibodies
Direct immunofluorescent: uses a single antibody directed against the target of interest
Indirect immunoenzymatic: intracellular detection of antibodies
Direct immunoenzymatic: require primary antigens to detect the antibodies
What is reverse-transcriptase PCR used to detect?
Nucleic acid from the SARS- coV-2 in upper respiratory specimens
what are the typical steps of PCR?
- Sampling
- DNA/RNA extraction
- Amplification
- Interpreting results
