Toxic diseases & antibiotics

Question 1

what does ADME stand for?

Answer 1

A- Absorption
D- distribution
M- metabolism
E- elimination

Question 2

Cmax

Answer 2

maximum drug leveled achieved with the dose

Question 3

Tmax

Answer 3

time that Cmax occurs

Question 4

MEC

Answer 4

minimum effective concentration

Question 5

difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 5

Bactericidal: kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic: prevent growth of bacteria

Question 6

What is penicillin?

Answer 6

Kills bacterial infections and prevent growth

Question 7

what is tetracycline?

Answer 7

Treat infections

Question 8

4 basic mechanism of action for antibiotics.
- Know which groups of antibiotics are present in each

Answer 8

1. Inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis
   a. Penicillin’s, cephalosporins
   b. bactericidal
2. Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
   a. Aminoglycosides: bactericidal
   b. Tetracyclines: bacteriostatic
   c. Chloramphenicol: bacteriostatic
   d. Macrolides
   e. Clindamycin
3. Inhibition of nucleic synthesis
   a. Quinolones: bactericidal (inhibits topoisomerase)
4. Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
   a. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim

Question 9

Toxin

Answer 9

biological poison (bacterial, plant, fungus, etc.)
- Alters homeostasis in a harmful way

Question 10

Toxicant

Answer 10

toxic agent or poison (solid, liquid, gas)

Question 11

Toxicosis

Answer 11

disease caused by a toxicant

Question 12

Toxicity

Answer 12

the amount of a toxicant needed to produce a harmful effect

Question 13

LD50

Answer 13

is a dose lethal to 50% of the animals tested

Question 14

T1/2

Answer 14

(half-life) the length of time required for the disappearance of half of the compound

Question 15

what organ is important for intoxication and detoxification

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

what portion of the nephron is the most common site of toxicant-induced injury?

Answer 16

proximal tubule

Question 17

what is the first goal when treating a toxicosis?

Answer 17

Deal with life-threatening symptoms first

Question 18

what are 4 ways you can prevent further absorption of a toxicant?

Answer 18

1. Washing, clipping
2. Induce emesis (vomiting) if recent ingestion
3. Gastric lavage (must be unconscious or anesthetized) with water or saline
4. Absorptive substances

Question 19

what is the name of the primary toxin found in the oleander plant?

Answer 19

“oleandrin”
Cardiac glycoside

Question 20

what organ is primarily affected in oleander toxicosis?

Answer 20

heart

Question 21

what is the toxicant found in antifreeze?

Answer 21

Ethylene glycol

Question 22

what enzyme converts ethylene glycol to glycoaldehyde?

Answer 22

Action of alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 23

what organ is primarily affected in ethylene glycol toxicosis?

Answer 23

kidney

Question 24

what is the prognosis of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

Answer 24

guarded to poor