Toxic diseases & antibiotics Flashcards
what does ADME stand for?
A- Absorption
D- distribution
M- metabolism
E- elimination
Cmax
maximum drug leveled achieved with the dose
Tmax
time that Cmax occurs
MEC
minimum effective concentration
difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics
Bactericidal: kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic: prevent growth of bacteria
What is penicillin?
Kills bacterial infections and prevent growth
what is tetracycline?
Treat infections
4 basic mechanism of action for antibiotics.
- Know which groups of antibiotics are present in each
- Inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis
a. Penicillin’s, cephalosporins
b. bactericidal - Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
a. Aminoglycosides: bactericidal
b. Tetracyclines: bacteriostatic
c. Chloramphenicol: bacteriostatic
d. Macrolides
e. Clindamycin - Inhibition of nucleic synthesis
a. Quinolones: bactericidal (inhibits topoisomerase) - Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
a. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim
Toxin
biological poison (bacterial, plant, fungus, etc.)
- Alters homeostasis in a harmful way
Toxicant
toxic agent or poison (solid, liquid, gas)
Toxicosis
disease caused by a toxicant
Toxicity
the amount of a toxicant needed to produce a harmful effect
LD50
is a dose lethal to 50% of the animals tested
T1/2
(half-life) the length of time required for the disappearance of half of the compound
what organ is important for intoxication and detoxification
liver
what portion of the nephron is the most common site of toxicant-induced injury?
proximal tubule
what is the first goal when treating a toxicosis?
Deal with life-threatening symptoms first
what are 4 ways you can prevent further absorption of a toxicant?
- Washing, clipping
- Induce emesis (vomiting) if recent ingestion
- Gastric lavage (must be unconscious or anesthetized) with water or saline
- Absorptive substances
what is the name of the primary toxin found in the oleander plant?
“oleandrin”
Cardiac glycoside
what organ is primarily affected in oleander toxicosis?
heart
what is the toxicant found in antifreeze?
Ethylene glycol
what enzyme converts ethylene glycol to glycoaldehyde?
Action of alcohol dehydrogenase
what organ is primarily affected in ethylene glycol toxicosis?
kidney
what is the prognosis of ethylene glycol toxicosis?
guarded to poor
