Zinc Flashcards
major minerals are required in amounts greater than ____ mg/ d
100 mg
The RDA for zinc for men and women older than 19 is what? What is the UL?
Women= 8mg/d
Men= 11 mg/d
UL= 40
What is the RDA for pregnant women who are 19-50? What about lactating women?
Pregnant= 11
Lactating= 12
What are food sources of zinc?
Shellfish
Meat (darker=more)
Dairy
Legumes
Fortified cereal
Nuts
Green leafy vegetables
What are the intestinal abortive cells that line the inner surface of the small intestine called?
Enterocyte
T or F
Little zinc is found free within the body
True, free zinc can cause free radicals
What allows zinc into cells?
ZIP’s
What allows zinc to get out of the cytoplasm or into organelles?
ZnT’s
How many ZIPs are there?
14
How many ZnT’s are there?
10
Where must zinc enter to be transported throughout the body or stored in ___ or other cells?
Enterocyte in small intestine
MT’s stand for? And what do they do?
Metallothioneins and storage form for zinc (short term)
Where are MTs mainly synthesized?
Liver
Kidney
Intestine
Pancreas
A ____ is a foreign chemical substance found within an organism that is not normally naturally produced by or expected to be present within
Xenobiotic
(Ex. Medications, alcohol)
What can inhibit zinc from getting into enterocytes?
Oxalate
Phylate
Polyphenols
Others
Cysteine, _____, _____, casein, and _____ can increase zinc absorption
Methionine
Histidine
Picolinic acid
Phylate, ____, food processing,_____, ______, and _____ can decrease zinc absorption. An iron to zinc ratio of ___ can also decrease it
Oxalate (like spinach)
Antacids
Polyphenols (tea/coffee)
Protein pump inhibitor (PPI)
Calcium
>2:1
T or F
Zinc is only present in certain cells throughout the body such as organs and tissues
False, present in all cells
95% of totally body cells have zinc in them
How many in skeletal muscles, bone cells, and other such as tissues and blood?
Skeletal= 57%
Bone= 29%
Other= 14%
Zinc is transported by binding to what?
Albumin
Transferrin
IgG
Others
How is zinc excreted?
Mostly from feces
Exfoliation if skin and sweat (1 mg/d)
Urine (600 mcg/d)
Hair (0.1-0.2 mg/d)
What are the functions of zinc?
Antioxidant
Wound healing
Sexual maturation
Immune system
Growth
Heme synthesis
Taste perception
T or F
The categories of zinc function is catalytic, structural, and regulatory
True
Zinc is a cofactors for how many enzymes?
Above 300 enzymes
What is zincs structural function?
Helps stabilize proteins and cell membranes by quenching free radicals
____ protects the cell membrane from free radicals attacking it
Superoxide dismutase
What are the regulatory functions of zinc?
Transcription factor/ zinc fingers
Cell signaling
Hormone release
Nerve impulse transmission
Promote apoptosis
Zinc helps increase the bioavailability of ____
Folate
Zinc is a component of _____ binding protein which helps transport _____ in the blood
Retinol
Vitamin A
Retinol can be converted into retinal how?
Enzyme that involves zinc
Stunted growth, ______, ______, poor wound healing, _____, behavioral distrunances, _____, loss of taste, GI disturbances, _______, _____, pregnancy complications, and ____ are all symptoms of a zinc deficiency
Poor sexual maturation
Deformed bones
Abnormal hair and nails
Impaired immune system
Impaired Vit A transport/ folate absorption
Skin rashes
Infertility
How can low zinc status during pregnancy affect the baby?
Overall growth/ development of central nervous system
Who are at risk for a zinc deficiency?
Children
Pregnant/ lactating
Malnourished
Alcoholics
Adults older than 65
Weight loss surgery
Strict vegetarians
Certain medications
IBD/IBS/malabsorption diseases
T or F
Zinc toxicity is common
False
Exposure to zinc occurs through which three routes? (Toxicity)
Skin
Inhalation
Ingestion
Toxicity wise, more zinc= more ____= ___gets stuck over time
(come back to pg 43)
MTs
copper
Zinc toxicity symptoms can also mimic which mineral deficiency symptoms?
Copper
Iron
Manganese (Mn)
Calcium
The toxicity symptoms of zinc is REAL MAD, what does it stand for?
Rough hair
Emphysema
Achromotrichia
Lower HDL levels
Miscarriage and stillbirths
Arthritis like symptoms
Diarrhea
T or F
Zinc does not participate in innate immune responses but does for adaptive immune responses
False, participates in both
Zinc is a ____ enzyme
Antioxidant
Zinc helps with the increased activity of ____, which is a zinc dependent thymus hormone important for ___ function
Thymulin
T-cell
Zinc deficiency stimulated the production of ____, such as _____ and tumor necrosis factor
Cytokines
Interleukin
Multivitamin supplements usually have ___ mg of zinc while single supplements usually have __-__ mg
15 mg
10-100 mg
T or F
MTs exhibit antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties
False
Low levels of Zn within the body can increase
A. MT levels
B. Retinal levels
C. Spina bifida
D. None
C
T or F
Adiponetcin and insulin are both hormones
True
What enzyme relays on zinc as a cofactor?
Superoxide dismutase
Which of the following are correct about MT’s?
A can be toxic in large amounts
B. Localized in the nucleus
C. Only located in liver and intestinal cells
D. None are correct
D
In plants, zinc is important for what?
A. Chloroplast development
B. Phloem development
C. Linear growth
D. Two or more are correct
E. All are correct
D. Cholorplast and linear growth correc
T or F
Phylate and Oxalate are found in plants and are antioxidants
False
T or F
Free zinc in the body acts like an antioxidant
False, acts like a poroxidant
Zinc is used as a cofactors in over 300 enzymes, which ones are zinc dependent?
A. Pyruvate and dehydrogenase
B. DNA and RNA polymerase
C. Superoxide dismustase
D. None are correct
E. All are correct
E
Why may a vegan have inadequate serum zinc levels?
No meat consumption
High consumption of foods with Oxalate and Phylate
No dairy consumption
What is the function of gustin?
Taste acuity
T or F
Pyruvate is the last step of glycolysis
True
T or F
Zinc is never found free in the body because of the harm that it can cause
False
T or F
Zinc is a common deficiency throughout the world
True
T or F
More para cellular diffusion occurs when excess amounts of zinc is consumed
True
