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Nutrition 4020 > Fat Transportation > Flashcards

Fat Transportation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of fat?

A
  1. Fatty acids (FA)
  2. Triglyceride (TG) or Triaclyglycerols (TAG)
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Sterols
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2
Q

Is triglycerides or triaclyglycerols the official word for the most common type of fat we consume?

A

Triaclyglycerols (TAG)

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3
Q

T or F
Sterols like cholesterol cannot be broken down for energy so the calories don’t matter

A

Basically true

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4
Q

T or F
Every cell in the body can make cholesterol but only the pancreas can break it down

A

False, only liver can break down

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5
Q

Does HDL or LDL cholesterol has the ability to take excess cholesterol to the liver to be processed

A

HDL

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6
Q

T or F
Plant sterols have plant cholesterol

A

False, have phytosterols

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of phytosterols and what’s the absorption rate?

A

1-10% absorption
1. B-sitosterol
2. Campesterol
3. Stigmasterol

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8
Q

T or F
Phytosterols are higher in fresh food like fruits and vegetables and lower in food such as vegetable oils, beans, or plant cereal

A

False

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9
Q

T or F
Phytosterols can interfere with cholesterol absorption

A

True, phytosterols are known to displace cholesterol from Micelles

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10
Q

On average phytosterols interfering with cholesterol can result in a ___% reduction in plasma LDL levels in most individuals and have to be eaten in the same meal

A

10%

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11
Q

How many carbons are there in the fatty acids that we consume the most?

A

> 20 carbon long (very long chain)
14-18 carbon long (long chain)

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12
Q

Fatty acids with ___ carbons long or longer are absorbed in the lymphatic system and fatty acids ___ or less are absorbed directly into portal circulation

A

12
10

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13
Q

What type of fatty acids are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

A

12 c long or longer

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14
Q

What type of fatty acids are absorbed directly into the portal circulation?

A

10 c or less

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15
Q

What is coconut oils composition?

A

88.5% saturated fatty acids

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16
Q

Most MTC are ___ acid, a saturated fat that is __ carbons long

A

Lauric
12

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17
Q

Only __-__% of lauric acid C:12 is absorbed through the portal vein

A

25-30%

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18
Q

What are the 4 primarily apolar components of the core of a lipoprotein?

A
  1. TAG
  2. Cholesteryl ester
  3. Fat soluble vitamins
  4. Other fat soluble material
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19
Q

What are the 3 polar components of the surface of a lipoprotein?

A
  1. Phospholipid monolayer
  2. Apolipoproteins
  3. Free cholesterol
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20
Q

What is the classification of lipoproteins going from smallest to largest?

A
  1. HDL
  2. LDL
  3. IDL
  4. VLDL
  5. Chylomicrons
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21
Q

What is the classification of lipoproteins going from largest to smallest?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. IDL
  4. LDL
  5. HDL
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22
Q

For fatty acids to enter the cells, circulating ____ must be ____

A

Lipoproteins
Hydrolyzed

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23
Q

Lipase is a ___ that bind to lipoproteins and release their contents

A

Extra cellular enzymes

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24
Q

What are the 3 TG in the lipase family

A
  1. Lipoprotein lipase
  2. Hepatic triglyceride lipase
  3. Endothelial lipase
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25
Out of the 5 lipoproteins, which’s function is to deliver fat soluble material, TAG, and cholesterol to the other parts of the body?
Chylomicrons
26
Where are chylomicrons derived from? Why are they formed?
Intestine derived Formed and secreted after digesting fat (occurs in direct response to fat containing meal)
27
What is the fatty acid composition of chylomicrons?
TAG
28
When does CM peak after a meal? How long can it stay in the blood for?
30 min to 3 hours after meal Can stay in blood for up to 14 hours
29
What is the concern of CM being in the bloodstream for long periods of time?
CM remnants can stay in the blood for a long time which can increase the risk of certain disease factors
30
___ are the major storage site for TAG
Adipocytes
31
____ are the most likely target of chylomicrons after a fat containing meal
Adipocytes
32
T or F Usually the amount of fat consumed by an individual in a single meal exceeds the immediate energy demands of tissues
True
33
T or F Most dietary TAG is stored until the energy demand exceeds energy intake
True
34
_____ accelerates the entry of glucose into Adipocytes and it’s conversion to ____
Insulin Fatty acids
35
Where do chylomicrons depleted of Triaclyglycerols go?
Taken to liver to be incorporated into new lipoproteins or become chylomicrons remnants
36
What are some metabolic disorders related to CM and lipoprotein remnants?
Insulin resistance Metabolic symbdrome DM 2 Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia Genetics Diet
37
Remnant lipoproteins can directly penetrate the ____, infiltrate the ____, and accelerate _____ formation
Arterial wall Sub-endothelial space Macrophage foam cell formation
38
How do remnant lipoproteins contribute to macrophage foam cell formation?
Can increase free radicals- oxidative stress which attracts macrophages that then get ingulfed in fat and die
39
T or F Foam cells and fat cells are basically the same thing
False Fat cells have function Macrophage foam cells are dead
40
T or F Both remnant CM and normal CM can enter cells
False, normal CM can’t
41
Out of the 5 lipoproteins which’s function is to deliver fat to the peripheral tissue?
VLDL
42
The liver has limited capacity to store TAGs so it must move them out to be stored or used for energy by using ___ as transport
VLDL
43
T or F VLDLs are made in the liver
True
44
T or F Any type of remnant lipoprotein is a concern
False, remnant just means it’s lost some fat along the way, not always bad
45
T or F VLDL remnants can only be taken up directly by the liver
False, can also remain in circulation to continue to deliver fat
46
VLDL—> ____ —> LDL
IDL
47
T or F LDL can be taken up by the cell
True
48
T or F LDL particles can be taken up by macrophages
True
49
LDL particles can fuse with the ___ and are degraded
Lysosome
50
Which lipoprotein is the major carrier of cholesterol?
LDL
51
Increased central adiposity (decrease/increase)____ the number of LDL receptors
Decrease
52
High intakes of saturated FA and trans FA (increase/decrease)____ LDL receptors
Decrease
53
Soluble fiber and phytosterols (increase/decrease) ____ LDL receptors
Increase
54
T or F LDL and HDL are types of cholesterol
False, they are cholesterol carriers
55
Which type of lipoprotein is made in the liver and small intestine?
HDL
56
Out of the 5 lipoproteins which’s function is to reverse cholesterol transport and healing the endothelium?
HDL
57
Other than reversing cholesterol transport and healing the endothelium, what are other functions of HDL?
Reducing blood clots Possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties
58
How does HDL reverse cholesterol transport?
Picks up cholesterol from peripheral tissues, macrophages, and foam cells
59
How can you increase HDL’s?
Omega-3 Fiber Exercise (175 min/wk or 30 min/d) Alcohol Don’t smoke
60
What is the antherogenic lipid triad?
1. High serum TG 2. Low serum HDL/ small HDL 3. Small LDL particles/ high serum LDL
61
T or F If cardiovascular disease runs in your family, it’s important to think about the antherogenic lipid triad sooner rather than later
True
62
T or F The mechanism for lipoprotein size is known but not explained in this class
False, or fully known
63
The prescense of ___ is the driving force to making smaller LDL and HDLs
Hypertriglycermia
64
T or F Small LDL particles bind less efficiently to LDL receptors which increases their time and number in blood circulation
True
65
Small LDL particles don’t bind to LDL receptors well so they bind to _____ cells of the ____ wall which can cause inflammation
Endothelial cells of arterial wall
66
What do macrophages do to modified LDLs when they recognize them?
Recognize them as foreign and engulf them
67
T or F Once inside the arterial wall, small LDL particles are not sensitive to anything
False, very sensitive to chemical modification (ex, oxidation)
68
T or F Lard has more saturated fat than coconut oil per serving
False
69
T or F HDLs are made in the liver and in the small intestines
True
70
T or F Cholesterol and other sterols have 9 calories per gram
False, they have 0 kcal
71
T or F Soluble fiber and excess saturated fat can influence the number of LDL preceptors on the cell
True
72
T or F Foam cells are usually created when remnant LDLs are taken up by the liver cells and stored
False
73
T or F Medium chain fatty acids have many health benefits such as lowering the risk of cancer
False, have some POTENTIAL health benefits
74
T or F Omega 3 and 6 alter gene expression by influencing peroxisome proliferatoracfivated receptors (PPAR)
True (PPAR relates to fat metabolism)
75
T or F VLDL, LDL, and HDL travel through the lymphatic system and portal veins
False, don’t travel through lymphatic system
76
T or F SCFA travels through the portal vein instead of the lymphatic system after digestion
True
77
T or F VLDLs become IDLs after they lose TAG in circulation
True
78
T or F Lipoprotein lipase levels are important for hydrolyzing cholesterol
False, hydrolyzing TAG
79
T or F The organelle responsible for breaking down LDLs is the Golgi apparatus
False, it’s the lysosome
80
Small lipoproteins such as VLDLs travel through the portal vein instead of the lymphatic system after digestion
False
81
T or F In large amounts, medium chain fatty acids can cause gastrointestinal distress
True
82
Which of the following has the highest amount of TAG? A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. LTB4
C
83
The driving force behind lipoprotein remodeling is ____
Excess TAG

Nutrition 4020 (15 decks)

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