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Nutrition 4020 > Fat Transportation > Flashcards

Fat Transportation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of fat?

A
  1. Fatty acids (FA)
  2. Triglyceride (TG) or Triaclyglycerols (TAG)
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Sterols
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2
Q

Is triglycerides or triaclyglycerols the official word for the most common type of fat we consume?

A

Triaclyglycerols (TAG)

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3
Q

T or F
Sterols like cholesterol cannot be broken down for energy so the calories don’t matter

A

Basically true

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4
Q

T or F
Every cell in the body can make cholesterol but only the pancreas can break it down

A

False, only liver can break down

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5
Q

Does HDL or LDL cholesterol has the ability to take excess cholesterol to the liver to be processed

A

HDL

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6
Q

T or F
Plant sterols have plant cholesterol

A

False, have phytosterols

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of phytosterols and what’s the absorption rate?

A

1-10% absorption
1. B-sitosterol
2. Campesterol
3. Stigmasterol

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8
Q

T or F
Phytosterols are higher in fresh food like fruits and vegetables and lower in food such as vegetable oils, beans, or plant cereal

A

False

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9
Q

T or F
Phytosterols can interfere with cholesterol absorption

A

True, phytosterols are known to displace cholesterol from Micelles

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10
Q

On average phytosterols interfering with cholesterol can result in a ___% reduction in plasma LDL levels in most individuals and have to be eaten in the same meal

A

10%

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11
Q

How many carbons are there in the fatty acids that we consume the most?

A

> 20 carbon long (very long chain)
14-18 carbon long (long chain)

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12
Q

Fatty acids with ___ carbons long or longer are absorbed in the lymphatic system and fatty acids ___ or less are absorbed directly into portal circulation

A

12
10

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13
Q

What type of fatty acids are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

A

12 c long or longer

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14
Q

What type of fatty acids are absorbed directly into the portal circulation?

A

10 c or less

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15
Q

What is coconut oils composition?

A

88.5% saturated fatty acids

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16
Q

Most MTC are ___ acid, a saturated fat that is __ carbons long

A

Lauric
12

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17
Q

Only __-__% of lauric acid C:12 is absorbed through the portal vein

A

25-30%

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18
Q

What are the 4 primarily apolar components of the core of a lipoprotein?

A
  1. TAG
  2. Cholesteryl ester
  3. Fat soluble vitamins
  4. Other fat soluble material
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19
Q

What are the 3 polar components of the surface of a lipoprotein?

A
  1. Phospholipid monolayer
  2. Apolipoproteins
  3. Free cholesterol
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20
Q

What is the classification of lipoproteins going from smallest to largest?

A
  1. HDL
  2. LDL
  3. IDL
  4. VLDL
  5. Chylomicrons
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21
Q

What is the classification of lipoproteins going from largest to smallest?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. IDL
  4. LDL
  5. HDL
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22
Q

For fatty acids to enter the cells, circulating ____ must be ____

A

Lipoproteins
Hydrolyzed

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23
Q

Lipase is a ___ that bind to lipoproteins and release their contents

A

Extra cellular enzymes

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24
Q

What are the 3 TG in the lipase family

A
  1. Lipoprotein lipase
  2. Hepatic triglyceride lipase
  3. Endothelial lipase
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25
Q

Out of the 5 lipoproteins, which’s function is to deliver fat soluble material, TAG, and cholesterol to the other parts of the body?

A

Chylomicrons

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26
Q

Where are chylomicrons derived from? Why are they formed?

A

Intestine derived
Formed and secreted after digesting fat (occurs in direct response to fat containing meal)

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27
Q

What is the fatty acid composition of chylomicrons?

A

TAG

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28
Q

When does CM peak after a meal? How long can it stay in the blood for?

A

30 min to 3 hours after meal
Can stay in blood for up to 14 hours

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29
Q

What is the concern of CM being in the bloodstream for long periods of time?

A

CM remnants can stay in the blood for a long time which can increase the risk of certain disease factors

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30
Q

___ are the major storage site for TAG

A

Adipocytes

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31
Q

____ are the most likely target of chylomicrons after a fat containing meal

A

Adipocytes

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32
Q

T or F
Usually the amount of fat consumed by an individual in a single meal exceeds the immediate energy demands of tissues

A

True

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33
Q

T or F
Most dietary TAG is stored until the energy demand exceeds energy intake

A

True

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34
Q

_____ accelerates the entry of glucose into Adipocytes and it’s conversion to ____

A

Insulin
Fatty acids

35
Q

Where do chylomicrons depleted of Triaclyglycerols go?

A

Taken to liver to be incorporated into new lipoproteins or become chylomicrons remnants

36
Q

What are some metabolic disorders related to CM and lipoprotein remnants?

A

Insulin resistance
Metabolic symbdrome
DM 2
Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia
Genetics
Diet

37
Q

Remnant lipoproteins can directly penetrate the ____, infiltrate the ____, and accelerate _____ formation

A

Arterial wall
Sub-endothelial space
Macrophage foam cell formation

38
Q

How do remnant lipoproteins contribute to macrophage foam cell formation?

A

Can increase free radicals- oxidative stress which attracts macrophages that then get ingulfed in fat and die

39
Q

T or F
Foam cells and fat cells are basically the same thing

A

False
Fat cells have function
Macrophage foam cells are dead

40
Q

T or F
Both remnant CM and normal CM can enter cells

A

False, normal CM can’t

41
Q

Out of the 5 lipoproteins which’s function is to deliver fat to the peripheral tissue?

42
Q

The liver has limited capacity to store TAGs so it must move them out to be stored or used for energy by using ___ as transport

43
Q

T or F
VLDLs are made in the liver

44
Q

T or F
Any type of remnant lipoprotein is a concern

A

False, remnant just means it’s lost some fat along the way, not always bad

45
Q

T or F
VLDL remnants can only be taken up directly by the liver

A

False, can also remain in circulation to continue to deliver fat

46
Q

VLDL—> ____ —> LDL

47
Q

T or F
LDL can be taken up by the cell

48
Q

T or F
LDL particles can be taken up by macrophages

49
Q

LDL particles can fuse with the ___ and are degraded

50
Q

Which lipoprotein is the major carrier of cholesterol?

51
Q

Increased central adiposity (decrease/increase)____ the number of LDL receptors

52
Q

High intakes of saturated FA and trans FA (increase/decrease)____ LDL receptors

53
Q

Soluble fiber and phytosterols (increase/decrease) ____ LDL receptors

54
Q

T or F
LDL and HDL are types of cholesterol

A

False, they are cholesterol carriers

55
Q

Which type of lipoprotein is made in the liver and small intestine?

56
Q

Out of the 5 lipoproteins which’s function is to reverse cholesterol transport and healing the endothelium?

57
Q

Other than reversing cholesterol transport and healing the endothelium, what are other functions of HDL?

A

Reducing blood clots
Possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties

58
Q

How does HDL reverse cholesterol transport?

A

Picks up cholesterol from peripheral tissues, macrophages, and foam cells

59
Q

How can you increase HDL’s?

A

Omega-3
Fiber
Exercise (175 min/wk or 30 min/d)
Alcohol
Don’t smoke

60
Q

What is the antherogenic lipid triad?

A
  1. High serum TG
  2. Low serum HDL/ small HDL
  3. Small LDL particles/ high serum LDL
61
Q

T or F
If cardiovascular disease runs in your family, it’s important to think about the antherogenic lipid triad sooner rather than later

62
Q

T or F
The mechanism for lipoprotein size is known but not explained in this class

A

False, or fully known

63
Q

The prescense of ___ is the driving force to making smaller LDL and HDLs

A

Hypertriglycermia

64
Q

T or F
Small LDL particles bind less efficiently to LDL receptors which increases their time and number in blood circulation

65
Q

Small LDL particles don’t bind to LDL receptors well so they bind to _____ cells of the ____ wall which can cause inflammation

A

Endothelial cells of arterial wall

66
Q

What do macrophages do to modified LDLs when they recognize them?

A

Recognize them as foreign and engulf them

67
Q

T or F
Once inside the arterial wall, small LDL particles are not sensitive to anything

A

False, very sensitive to chemical modification (ex, oxidation)

68
Q

T or F
Lard has more saturated fat than coconut oil per serving

69
Q

T or F
HDLs are made in the liver and in the small intestines

70
Q

T or F
Cholesterol and other sterols have 9 calories per gram

A

False, they have 0 kcal

71
Q

T or F
Soluble fiber and excess saturated fat can influence the number of LDL preceptors on the cell

72
Q

T or F
Foam cells are usually created when remnant LDLs are taken up by the liver cells and stored

73
Q

T or F
Medium chain fatty acids have many health benefits such as lowering the risk of cancer

A

False, have some POTENTIAL health benefits

74
Q

T or F
Omega 3 and 6 alter gene expression by influencing peroxisome proliferatoracfivated receptors (PPAR)

A

True
(PPAR relates to fat metabolism)

75
Q

T or F
VLDL, LDL, and HDL travel through the lymphatic system and portal veins

A

False, don’t travel through lymphatic system

76
Q

T or F
SCFA travels through the portal vein instead of the lymphatic system after digestion

77
Q

T or F
VLDLs become IDLs after they lose TAG in circulation

78
Q

T or F
Lipoprotein lipase levels are important for hydrolyzing cholesterol

A

False, hydrolyzing TAG

79
Q

T or F
The organelle responsible for breaking down LDLs is the Golgi apparatus

A

False, it’s the lysosome

80
Q

Small lipoproteins such as VLDLs travel through the portal vein instead of the lymphatic system after digestion

81
Q

T or F
In large amounts, medium chain fatty acids can cause gastrointestinal distress

82
Q

Which of the following has the highest amount of TAG?
A. LDL
B. HDL
C. VLDL
D. LTB4

83
Q

The driving force behind lipoprotein remodeling is ____

A

Excess TAG

Nutrition 4020 (7 decks)

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