Essential Fats Flashcards
__-__% of Americans are deficient in omega-3
85-90%
Low intakes of essential fatty acids have been linked to heart disease, ____, depression, ____, ____, ___, and arthritis
Hypertension
Memory loss/ Alzheimer’s
Cancer (prostate, breast, colon)
Ulcerative colitis
Human cells cannot introduce additional double bonds past the ____
9 site
Which type of omega-3 is the longest and most fluid?
DHA
What two enzymes help with omega-6 and omega-3?
Fatty acid desaturase and elongase
What is the absorption rate from ALA to EPA, and EPA to DHA?
1-5%
0.1-0.5%
T or F
ALA and linoleic acid use and compete for the same enzymes in the production of their longer chain fatty acids, EPA, and arachionadic acid
True
Why is it important to get all 3 types of omega 3’s?
Helps avoid competition for enzymes to convert plant omega-3 to animal omega-3, getting fish/ fish oil directly removes competition
What are sources of omega-3?
Flax
Canola oil
Walnuts
Crypthecodinium cohnii (red algae)
Fatty fish
Shellfish
What are some examples of fatty fish and shellfish?
Sockeye
Salmon
Mackerel
Herring
Sardines
Krill
What are some types of nuts and seeds with omega-3?
Chia
Kiwi
Flax
Hemp
Rapeseed/ canola
Soybean
Tofu, ___, spreads, ____, and ____ are some omega-3 fortified foods
Eggs
Milk
Cereals
What are the omega-6 fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (LA)
Arachidonic acid (ARA or AA)
Andrenic acid (AdA)
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA)
What are some dietary sources of omega-6?
Cereals
Whole grain bread
Dairy
Most vegetable oils
Eggs/ poultry
Other meats including fish
Nuts/seeds
What is the RDA for males and females for linoleic acid?
F= 12 g/d
M=17g/d
What is the AI for females and males for linolenic acid?
F=1.1 g/d
M=1.6 g/ d
2-1, ___, and 10-1 are the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 that has been debated
5-1
T or F
Eicosanoids are a type of hormone
False, hormone like
____ play a vital role in many cellular functions which is why the saying “you are what you eat is accurate”
Cell membranes
Modifications of the _____ composition of the cell membrane has a large effect on membrane ____ and ____
PUFAs
Permeability and fluidity
The amount of fats like PUFAs in a persons diet will effect the bodies ____- controlled functions
Eicosanoid
____ and ___ are rapidly incorporated into the nervous tissue of the ____ and brain during the brains growth spurt
DHA and ARA
retina
In early development when are PUFAs essential for brain function?
Brains growth spurt usually takes place during first 1000 days (last trimester-2 yrs)
DHA May reduce ____, exert ____ effects, and have been linked to _____
Oxidative stress
Anti-inflammatory
Neuron function
T or F
DHA can help with neurotransmission, membrane fluidity, and cerebral blood flow
True
T or F
Omega-3/6 can make eicsnosiods only if the carbon chain is 18 c long
False, 20 c long
What are the two types of responses eicosanoids do?
Autocrine response (working on cell)
Paracrine response (working on other cells)
What are the signaling molecules eicosanoids derived from?
Omega 3
Omega 6 fats
Di-homo-y-linolenic acid composed of 20 C
Which 5 body systems do eicosanoids exert control on?
Cardiovascular system
Nervous system
Immune system
Gastric secretion
Smooth muscle contraction
What are the subfamilies of eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
TBX2 stands for vasoconstriction or vasodialation?
Vasoconstriction
TBX3 stands for vasoconstriction or vasodialation?
Vasodialation
What is the abbreviation for leukotrienes and types of them?
LT
A, B, C, D, E, F
(ex. LTB)
What is the abbreviation for prostaglandins and types of them?
PG
D, E, F, G, H, I
What is the abbreviation for thromboxanes and types of them?
TX
TXA, TXB
What are the subfamilies of docosanoids?
Resolvins
Neuroprotectin (protects parts of nervous system)
Others
Phospholipase, ______, _____, and _____ P450 are all enzymes needed to make eicosanoids
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
Lipoxygenase (LOX)
Cytochrome P450 (CYP)
What are the overall functions of omega 6 and 3?
Eicosanoids
Alter gene expression (PPAR)
Part of phospholipid structure (cell membrane fluidity)
Are omega-6 eicosanoids pro or anti inflammatory?
Pro
Are omega-3 eicosanoids usually pro or anti inflammatory?
Anti
Anti inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ___ act by _____ eicosanoid synthesis
NSAIDs
Down regulating
What are the functions of omega-6?
PPARs—> gene expression
Part of phospholipid structure
Eicosanoids
Pro inflammatory
Increase blood clotting
Vasoconstriction
What are the functions of omega-3?
PPARs—> gene expression
Part of phospholipid structure
Antioxidants (EPA/DHA)
Eicosanoids
Omega-3 is has ____ effects, anti-thrombotic action, _____ effects, improve ____ function, lower blood pressure, lower ____, and may increase _____.
Anti-atherogenic
Anti-inflammatory
Endothelial
TG levels
HDL levels
