Magnesium Flashcards
What is the RDA for Mg for males and females 19-30? What’s the UL
Male= 400 mg/d
Female= 310 mg/d
UL= 350 mg/d (non food)
What is the RDA for Mg for pregnant and lactating women?
Pregnant= 350 mg/d
Lactating= 310 mg/d
What can excrete magnesium fairly rapidly?
Kidneys
Toxicities of magnesium are not likely to occur except in those with _____
Renal disease
How does a Mg toxicity usually happen
To much intake of supplements, laxatives, antacids
What are common symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
Diarrhea
Nausea
Abdominal cramping
Possible dehydration
What are symptoms of a SEVERE magnesium toxicity?
Flushing of skin
Double vision
Slurred speech
Muscle weakness
Muscular paralysis
What are sources of magnesium?
Certain fish/ shellfish
Whole grains
Nuts
Seeds
Legumes
Milk and yogurt
Chocolate
Processing foods such as refining whole wheat which removes the germ and outer bran layers, substantially reduces its Mg content by over ___%
75%
Where is most Mg absorbed?
Small intestine
What is Mg absorbed by in the small intestine?
Carrier mediated trans cellular transport
Paracellular diffusion
Can Mg be absorbed anywhere else? Where does the rest go?
Some can be absorbed in colon
Rest excreted in feces
What substances enhance Mg absorption?
Vitamin D
Protein
Carbs (fructose and oligossachariades)
What substances can inhibit Mg absorption?
Phytic acid and Oxalate
Gel forming fiber
High amounts of phosphorus
Unabsorbed fatty acids
Diuretics and PPI’s
Excess alcohol and smoking
Excess ____, ___, and ___ are also contributors to lowering magnesium absorption
Sodium
Meat
Caffeine
What does the M in TRPM6 stand for?
Melastatin
What does TRPM6 do?
Transports Mg from small intestinal lumen into enterocyte
What transports Mg in the bloodstream?
Protein bound Mg (albumin and globulins)
Non protein complex Mg (citrate, phosphate, sulfate)
Free Mg2+
Which way is most Mg transported in the bloodstream?
Free Mg2+
_______ is one of Mg’s functions. __-__% is found in bones. It’s also stored on the surface to be used in times of inadequate intake
Bone mineralization
50-60%
What are the enzymatic functions of Mg?
Aids in metabolism of ATP (transfers phosphate)
Phosphorolase kinase (glycogen metabolism)
Krebs cycle enzyme (oxidative decarboxylase)
Enzyme in glycolysis (PFK)
Amino acid activation/ protein synthesis
Beta oxidation
Hydroxylation of vitamin D in 25-position
Mg is a cofactors for over ___ enzymatic reactions
300
Functions of magnesium are also blood clotting,____, ____, vasodialation, ____, and ____
Relaxing skeletal muscles and smooth muscle in blood vessels/ GI tract
Regulate neuronal transmission
Electrolyte
Glucose regulation
How does Mg help with glucose regulation?
It’s release in action and signaling for insulin production
Promotes cellular uptake and utilization of glucose
T or F
Higher magnesium levels leads to less blood sugar level regulation
False, low Mg= less blood sugar regulation
T or F
Magnesium deficiency is common among the general population
True
People with excess alcohol intake, ____, ___, metabolic syndrome, ____, ____, and ____ are at risk for an Mg deficiency
Kidney failure
Type 2 diabetes
Malabsorption diseases (IBD)
Some diuretics and PPI
chronic stress
When Mg is low, PTH levels are (increased/decreased) _____ which (i/d) __ Mg intestinal absorption, (i/d)__ Mg urinary loss, and promotes Mg release from ___
Increased
Increased
Decreased
Bone
What are initial stage deficiency symptoms of Mg?
Fatigue
Lethargy
Muscle weakness
Nausea/ vomiting
Loss of appetite (anorexia)
Headache, irritability , ____, ____, ___, and personality changes are are Mg deficiency symptoms as it progresses
Mild anxiety/ nervousness
Numbness & tingling
Muscle contractions and cramps
(Personality changes like seizures, psychosis, hallucinations)
Severe deficiencies are rare because about ___% is reabsorbed in the ___, we get it in our diet, and it’s in our ___
65% reabsorbed in kidneys
Bones
Some diseases that are related to Mg are hypertension, ___, osteoporosis, ___, ___, ___, and constipation
CVD
Migraine
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
A suboptimal Mg concentration within the body may lead to malfunction with _____ activity, leading to insulin resistance
Tyrosine kinase
T or F
Less magnesium means less insulin is released
True
Which of the following are food sources for magnesium that was mentioned in lecture?
A. Poultry
B. Baked beans
C. Almonds
D. Two correct
E. All correct
D
How can magnesium be absorbed?
A. mg absorbed between intestinal cells (Paracellular diffusion)
B. Mg can be absorbed through Mg channel TRPM6
C. Mg can be pumped across membrane by TRPV6
D. Two correct
E. None correct
D
T or F
Magnesium toxicity can causes personality changes
False
Which of the following are functions of magnesium?
A. Increasing Ca in bone
B. Aids in energy production
C. Hydroxylation of vitamin D in the 25 position
D. Two correct
E. All correct
D
Which are functions of magnesium?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Blood clotting
C. Relaxes GI tract
D. Two correct
E. All correct
E
T or F
Studies have looked at magnesium supplementation for migraine headaches and they recommend amounts below the UL
False
Which sources for Mg were mentioned in lecture?
A. oatmeal
B. Cheese
C. Chocolate
D. Two correct
E. All correct
D
Which is true?
A. Toxicity is more likely to occur with those who have liver disease
B. Moderate amounts of alcohol will increase Mg absorption
C. Most Mg is absorbed in the enterocyte by carrier mediated trans cellular transport
D. Two correct
E. None correct
E
T or F
Tyrosine kinase is important for glycogen metabolism
False
T or F
Tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that uses Mg as a cofactor. This enzyme is important for insulin metabolism
True
