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Nutrition 4020 > Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Adipose tissue is a dynamic ___ organ

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

The primary storage site for fat is WAT or BAT?

A

White adipose tissue

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3
Q

Heat producing tissue found in larger amounts in fetuses and newborns

A

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)

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4
Q

Browning of WAT

A

Beige adipose tissue (BeAT)

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5
Q

What type of adipose tissue is in larger amounts of newborns?

A

BAT

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6
Q

Where is subcutaneous fat located?

A

Under skin
Predominantly in abdomen and thighs

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7
Q

Where is visceral fat located?

A

Kidneys, heart, intestines
(Around organs)

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8
Q

Is visceral or subcutaneous fat critical for the regulation of body temperature?

A

Subcutaneous

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9
Q

What affects where adipose tissue is?

A

Age
Genetics
Sex (android vs. gynoid obesity)
Others

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10
Q

Android or Gynoid Obesity?
Stomach fat

A

Android

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11
Q

Android or Gynoid Obesity?
Hips and butt fat

A

Gynoid

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12
Q

Infra-abdominal fat accumulation is associated with risks of what?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Diabetes

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13
Q

What are the defining cells of adipose tissue? What is their primary job?

A

Adipocytes
Primary storage site of excess energy

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14
Q

___ are large cells that typically contain a single lipid droplet

A

Adipoctyes

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15
Q

What are the ways our body stores energy?

A

Glycogen (liver and muscles)
Muscle/organ (protein)
Fat

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16
Q

What are the functions of fat/adipocytes?

A

Energy storage
Thermal insulation
Protection
Needed to absorb KADE vitamins
Structural component of cells

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17
Q

T or F
Adipocytes express enzymes for the inactivation, inter-conversion, and activation of steroid hormones

A

True

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18
Q

What does adipose tissue secrete?

A

Cytokines
Adipokines (cytokine-like hormone)

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19
Q

Do adipokines or cytokines send messages far and last a while?

A

Adipokines
(Cytokines short messages)

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20
Q

T or F
Adipokines are mostly fat structures

A

False, mostly protein

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21
Q

T or F
Adipokines are typically either pro or anti-inflammatory

A

True

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22
Q

When and why are Adipokines produced?

A

Produced in response to changes in adipocyte TAG storage or inflammation

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23
Q

Where are Adipokines produced?

A

In adipose tissue

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24
Q

What is the function of visceral WAT?

A

Energy storage
Adipokine secretion
Correlation with high incidence of metabolic disorders

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25
Q

What is the function of subcutaneous WAT

A

Insulating layer
Energy storage
Adipokine secretion
Correlation with low incidence of metabolic disorders

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26
Q

What are 6 out of the many adipokines?

A
  1. Visfatin
  2. Adiponectin
  3. Leptin
  4. Omentin-1
  5. Resistin
  6. Vaspin
    VALOR V
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27
Q

T or F
All adipokines are protein based, hormones, and released from fat cells

A

True

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28
Q

____ is secreted into the circulation in direct proportion to adipose tissue mass

A

Leptin

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29
Q

T or F
Leptin levels rapidly increase with caloric restriction and weight loss

A

False, rapidly decline to try to make us eat more since body thinks it’s in starvation mode

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30
Q

What are the central functions of Leptin?

A

Appetite regulation
Energy expenditure

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31
Q

What are the immune functions of leptin?

A

Macrophage activation
Chemotaxis
Dendritic cell activation
Th1 stimulation
Th2 inhibition

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32
Q

What organs does Leptin target?

A

Kidney
Pancreas
Muscle
Vascular system
Reproductive organs
Bone

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33
Q

T or F
Women with low Leptin often have reproductive problems

A

True

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34
Q

Does central adiposity decrease or increase levels of adiponectin?

A

Decrease levels

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35
Q

T or F
Adiponectin levels decrease after weight loss

A

False, they increase

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36
Q

The functions of Adiponectin are anti-inflammatory, increased _____, increased ____, decreased TNF-a, and decreased ____ ability to convert to foam cells

A

Increased insulin sensitivity
Increased beta-oxidation
Decreased macrophages ability

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37
Q

Which Adipokine deals with beta-oxidation?

A

Adiponectin

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38
Q

Which Adipokine is produced by both adipocytes and macrophages?

A

Resistin

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39
Q

Is Resistin pro or anti inflammatory?

A

Pro

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40
Q

Elevated Resistin levels are associated with _____, glucose intolerance/____, and ____

A

Central adiposity
Insulin resistance
Chronic inflammation

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41
Q

T or F
Insulin resistance can be a good thing because it can make fat cells starve

A

True (pg.218)

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42
Q

Promoting endothelial dysfunction, increased macrophage recruitment, and promoting inflammation is associated with which Adipokine?

A

Resistin

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43
Q

Is omentin-1 anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory?

A

Anti

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44
Q

Reducing the activation of inflammatory macrophages, suppressing the activity of TNF-a, and central adiposity decreasing this is what type of Adipokine?

A

Omentin-1

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45
Q

Is visfatin pro or anti inflammatory? What does it promote?

A

Pro-inflammatory
Promotes maturation and polarization of macrophages

46
Q

Is vaspin pro or anti inflammatory? What is its function?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Inhibits ROS generation and increases insulin sensitivity

47
Q

Which adipokines are anti-inflammatory?

A

Vaspin
Omentin-1
Adiponectin

48
Q

Which Adipokines are pro-inflammatory?

A

Resistin and visfatin

49
Q

What increases/ decreases with dysfunctional adipose cells?
Leptin
Adiponectin
Resistin
Omentin-1
Visfatin
Vaspin

A

Leptin= increase
Adiponectin= decrease
Resistin=increase
Omentin-1= decrease
Visfatin= increase
Vaspin= decrease

50
Q

What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines that improves insulin sensitivity?

A

IL-4, IL-10, IL-13

51
Q

Are dysfunctional cells pro or anti inflammatory and why?

A

Pro-inflammtory since they are calling the immune system for help

52
Q

What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-6
IL-1b
TNF-a
IFN-y
MCP-1

53
Q

T or F
IL-6 decreases insulin resistance and recruits more macrophages

A

False, increases insulin resistance

54
Q

T or F
Tumor necrosis factor- alpha increases free fatty acid release, increase ROS, and increase insulin resistance

55
Q

Other than IL-6, what other cytokines increases insulin resistance and recruits more macrophages?

56
Q

MCP-1 is a cytokines that recruits ____

A

More macrophages

57
Q

_____ is a metabolic condition that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death

A

Lipotoxicity

58
Q

Long term adipocyte dysfunction is accompanied by adverse effects where?

A

Liver
Pancreatic beta cells
Skeletal muscle
Heart and vascular beds

59
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Amount of fat cells increasing

60
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Larger fat cells

61
Q

Hypertrophy can lead to increased release of certain ____, FFA, and ____

A

Certain adipokines
Inflammatory mediators

62
Q

Would hyperplasia increase or decrease these things:
Cell number
FFA release
Adiponectin
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Immune cell recruitment
Hypoxia
Insulin sensitivity

A

Cell number increase
FFA release decrease
Adiponectin increase
Pro-inflammatory cytokines decr
Immune cell recruitment decr
Hypoxia decrease
Insulin sensitivity increase

63
Q

Would hypertrophy increase or decrease these things:

Cell size
FFA release
Adiponectin
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Immune cell recruitment
Hypoxia
Insulin sensitivity

A

Cell size increase
FFA release increase
Adiponectin decrease
Pro-inflammatory cytokines incr
Immune cell recruitment incre
Hypoxia increase
Insulin sensitivity decrease

64
Q

What are macrophages before they become macrophages?

65
Q

Macrophages serve as sentries maintaining tissue ____

A

Homeostasis

66
Q

T or F
The central role of macrophages is the clearance of foreign materials, dead cells, and cellular debris within tissue

67
Q

T or F
M1 macrophages are more favorable because they promote anti-inflammatory processes

A

False, M2 macrophages do that

68
Q

Would M2 macrophages be mostly in dysfunctional or non-dysfunctional adipose tissue?

A

Non-dysfunctional

69
Q

Would M1 macrophages be mostly in dysfunctional or non-dysfunctional adipose tissue?

A

Dysfunctional

70
Q

When are M1 macrophages needed?

A

When cells need help

71
Q

What immune system cells help with adipose tissue immunity?

A

T- helper cells (TH1 and TH2)
Regulatory T cells (Treg)
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells (produce antibodies)

72
Q

T or F
B-cells are located in both dysfunctional and non-dysfunctional cells

A

False, only in dysfunctional cells

73
Q

T or F
Treg cells are found in both brown and white adipose tissue

A

False, only in white

74
Q

In central adiposity the number of T-regs (increases/decreases) _____ as the inflammation in adipocyte increases

75
Q

T or F
Depending on the stimulus IL-10, IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-4 are released by certain macrophages and other immune cells

76
Q

T or F
With dysfunctional adipose cells, you will see more hyperplasia that hypertrophy

77
Q

T or F
Both helper T cells (TH1) and (TH2) influence macrophages, release cytokines, and are part of the adaptive immune system

78
Q

T or F
The overall message from non-dysfunctional adipocytes is to increase type 2 macrophages and decrease inflammation

79
Q

T or F
Fat cells are being monitored by the innate and adaptive immune system

80
Q

T or F
Visfatin increases the polarization of macrophages into a M2 state

A

False, M1 state

81
Q

T or F
M1 macrophages only have negative functions, and M2 macrophages only have positive functions

82
Q

As central adiposity increases, which of the following also increases?
A. Resistin
B. TNF-a
C. Certain antibodies
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct

83
Q

T or F
A function of fat cells is to store TAG and glycogen

84
Q

Where can the body store energy during excessive caloric intake?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct

85
Q

T or F
With dysfunctional adipose cells there can be an increase in insulin in the bloodstream because the dysfunctional adipocytes may become insulin resistant

86
Q

Decreased Adiponectin levels are associated with which of the following?
A. Increased insulin sensitivity
B. Increased atherosclerosis
C. Impairment of glucagon

87
Q

T or F
Crown like structures are common in dysfunctional adipose cells

88
Q

Dysfunctional adipose cells experience which of the following?
A. Decreased Resistin
B. Increase of TNF-a
C. Increased glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity

89
Q

T or F
As adipose cells become larger hypoxia within the adipose cells increases

90
Q

T or F
Adiponectin levels increase after weight loss

91
Q

T or F
Omentin-1 is decreased with dysfunctional adipose cells

92
Q

T or F
Hyperplasia describes the number of cells while hypertrophy describes cell health

A

False, hypertrophy d describes cell size

93
Q

T or F
White adipose tissue is found in the upper thorax of adults

A

False it’s brown adipose tissue

94
Q

Glycogen is stored in the _____
A. Kidneys
B. Liver
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct

95
Q

T or F
Resistin decreased insulin sensitivity and promotes endothelial dysfunction when present in high levels in the body

96
Q

T or F
Losing weight while overweight/obese causes adipocytes to release more IL-6 which reduced adipocyte hypertrophy

97
Q

Which of the following is involved in dysfunctional adipose tissue?
A. IFN-gamma
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Ig synthesis
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct

98
Q

T or F
Hypoxia can be defined as low amounts of oxygen to the cell

99
Q

Which if the following is a correct statement?
A. Vaspin levels decrease after weight loss
B. Initially levels of Leptin levels increase with weight loss
C. IL-1b levels increase in dysfunctional adipose tissues
D. Two are correct
E. All are correct

100
Q

T or F
Increased Resistin levels is associated with promoting damage to the endothelial tissue within the cardiovascular system

101
Q

M2 macrophages are more likely to secrete Resistin than M1 macrophages

102
Q

T or F
Insulin levels increase with weight loss

103
Q

With increased central adiposity, which Adipokine would most likely increase?
A. Visfatin
B. Omentin-1
C. TNF-a
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct

104
Q

Which of the following improves insulin sensitivity?
A. Omentin-1
B. IL-6
C. IL-10
D. Only two are correct
E. All three are correct

A

D
A and C improve insulin sensitivity

105
Q

T or F
Intra-abdominal fat increases the risk of CVD and hypertension

106
Q

T or F
There is a decreased risk of hypoxia occurring in the blood vessels that supply oxygen in hypertrophic adipocytes

A

False, increased risk

107
Q

T or F
IL-13 production increases in hypertrophic adipocytes

108
Q

T or F
The Adipokine IFN-y increased with increased central adiposity

A

False, because IFN-y is a cytokine

109
Q

T or F
Both TH1 and TH2 cells release cytokines and influence macrophages

110
Q

T or F
Regulatory T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells are a part of the adaptive immune system

111
Q

As central adiposity increases, which of the following also increases?
A. Omentin-1
B. Regulatory T cells
C. Certain immunoglobulin
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct

Nutrition 4020 (7 decks)

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