Calcium Flashcards
What is the RDA for calcium for men and women 9-18? What’s the UL for this age group?
M and W= 1300 mg/d
UL= 3000 mg/d
What is the RDA for calcium for men and women between 19-50 yrs old? What’s the UL?
M and W= 1000 mg/d
UL= 2500 mg/d
What demographics are most at risk for having low levels of Ca?
Kids and women
What is the RDA for women <18 who are pregnant or breastfeeding, what’s the UL?
Pregnant and breastfeeding= 1300 mg/d
UL= 3000 mg/ d
What’s the RDA for pregnant or breastfeeding women who are 19-50? What’s the UL?
Pregnant/ breastfeeding= 1000 mg/d
UL= 2500 mg/ d
What are sources of Ca?
Milk, yogurt, cheese
Milk alternatives
Certain fish WITH BONES
Tofu
Kale, collard greens, broccoli
Legumes
Some nuts
You cannot absorb more than ____ mg of Ca at a time which is why you should consider limiting supplements to ____ at a time
500 mg
<500 mg
Ca supplements are sometimes found with ___ & ___, usually range from ___-___mg/ tablet, and are usually large pills
Mg & vitamin D
200-750 mg/tablet
Why should you be cautious of Ca supplements that are made from fossilized oyster shells, coral, or dolomite?
Because they may contain aluminum and lead
What are the most common forms of Ca supplements? Which is better?
Calcium citrate (better)
Calcium carbonate
Calcium ____ does not need acid to get in and does not need to be taken with food
Citrate
Calcium ___ is inexpensive, better absorbed with food, and has some common side effects
Carbonate
Gastric/ intestinal pains, _____, ____, and constipation are common side effects of calcium carbonate
Gas
Bloating
Ca needs (increase/ decrease) ____ with pregnancy
Increase
Ca needs (increase/ decrease) ___ for elderly people. How much does the absorption rate increase or decrease?
Decrease
15-25%
It takes about ___ amount of time at an acidic pH for Ca to be solubilized prior to absorption
1 hour
About ___-___% of dietary Ca is absorbed in adults
25-30%
T or F
Ca can bind to other dietary constituents
True
Most of Ca is absorbed in ____ by what?
Absorbed in small intestine
Carrier mediated trans cellular transport and para cellular diffusion
Can Ca be absorbed anywhere other than the small intestine? Where does excess Ca go?
Some can be absorbed into colon and rest excreted in feces
What nutrients or substances can enhance Ca absorption?
Vitamin D
Protein
Sugar/ sugar alcohol
What nutrients substances can inhibit Ca absorption?
Phytic acid and Oxalate
Gel forming fiber
Excessive divalent cations (Zn/ Mg)
Unabsorbed fatty acids
Excessive alcohol intake/ smoking
Some dieuretcs and PPI’s
What are sources of Oxalate (or oxalic acid)?
Vegetables: spinach, beets, chocolate, celery, okra, eggplant
Legumes
Fruit (most berries)
Most nuts
Leaves of tea plant
T or F
Getting more Oxalate and phytosterols can increase the binding of certain minerals
False, Phylate or phytic acid
T or F
You get more phytate in the diet but it doesn’t bind as strongly as Oxalate does
True
What are sources of phytate (or phytic acid)?
Many nuts: hazelnut, Brazil nuts, almonds, walnuts
Grains: oats, wheat, rice
Corn
Legumes
Spinach
What food sources have both phytate and Oxalate in them?
Spinach
Legumes
Nuts
Which nutrients or non-nutrients increase Ca being excreted in urine?
Sodium
Protein
Caffeine
Which nutrients absorption may be inhibited by excessive Ca?
Phosphorus
Iron
Fatty acids
T or F
Excessive sodium intake can increase bone loss over the years
True
Diminished Ca absorption might happen for elderly people because they have diminished ____ production, lower amounts of ___, lower ____, or lower ____ status
HCL acid production
TRPV6
Calbindin
Vitamin D status (lower synthesis and absorption)
Ca transportation in the bloodstream can happen with what 3 things? Which is absorbed more than the others through this way?
Protein bound Ca (albumin-1)
Non protein complex Ca
Free Ca2+ (more absorbed through this way)
What are the non-protein complexes Ca transporters?
Citrate
Phosphate
Sulfate
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Helps regulate Ca (and Mg) in the body
T or F
When Ca levels are high, PTH levels increase
False, when Ca levels are low they increase
When PTH levels are increased what 3 things can happen?
Increases Ca intestinal absorption
Decreased Ca urinary loss
Promotes Ca release from bone (not always good thing)
___% of total body calcium is used for mineralization of bone
99%
What nutrients are needed for bone health?
Protein
Vitamin C, A, D, K
Ca
Mg
P
F
Zn
T or F
Many functions of Ca require the interactions with one or more proteins
True
What is an example of a protein that interacts with Ca?
Calmodulin which controls functions of calcium
What are some functions of calcium?
Blood clotting
Enables neurotransmission
Muscle contraction
Regulates blood pressure
Role in insulin metabolism
T or F
Ca functions as helping with smooth muscle contraction and its vasorelaxing
True
Does Ca help with vasoconstriction or vasodilation? Does it decrease or increase blood pressure?
Vasodialation
Helps decrease blood pressure
Ca functions in enzyme regulation and activation of ____ and ____. It also helps with ____ from activated cell membrane receptors and ____
Pyruvate kinase
Nitric oxide
Mediated signaling
Electrolytes
Populations are risk for Ca deficiency are vegans, _____, excess alcohol intake, ____, ____, ____ elderly, and ___.
Malabsorption diseases (IBD)
Post menopausal
Milk allergies/ lactose intolerance
Female adolescences
Some diuretics/ PPI
A Ca deficiency can cause ____ in children, ____, and osteoporosis
Rickets
Osteopenia
T or F
More women develop osteoporosis than men
True
Ca deficiency can cause tetany which is characterized by continuous _____, muscle pain/ cramping, ____, and ____
Severe muscle spasms
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling in hands/ feet)
Hypertension
What are symptoms of Ca toxicity?
Constipation
Headaches
Calcium containing kidney stones
Hypercalcemia
T or F
Hypercalcemia is the calcification of soft tissue due to an excess of Ca
False, Ca AND vitamin D
Which of the following are symptoms of Ca deficiency?
A. Kidney stones
B. High blood pressure
C. Tetany
D. 2 are correct
E. All are correct
B
T or F
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body
True
Which is true?
A. Paracellular diffusion is how most Ca gets absorbed
B. Calbindin transports Ca through the lumen of small intestine to the basolateral membrane
C. TRPM6 is the transporter for Ca
D. Two correct
E. None correct
None
T or F
Both Mg and Ca can bind to albumin or citrate to travel in the bloodstream
True
T or F
Calbindin regulates the uptake of Ca in the small intestines
False
Which of the following are correct statements?
A. Ca toxicity is more common in females
B. Rickets is reversible
C. In the stomach the pH increases when Ca is digested
D. Two are correct
E. All correct
B
Which is true?
A. Calcium citrate has to be taken with food
B. Calcium carbonate is better absorbed when taken with food
C. When you take a calcium carbonate supplement it does not require HCL acid to break it down
D. Two correct
E. All correct
B
