Xray Lines and Spaces Flashcards
chamberlains line is from __ to __
hard palate to foramen magnum
“CHA”
mcgregors line is from __ to __
hard palate to occiput
“mcgregors gonna hit your mouth and occiput”
martins basilar angle is formed by what 3 points
nasion to sella
sella to foramen magnum
what lines are used for basilar invagination
chamberlains
mcgregors
what angle is used for platybasia and Arnold chiari
martins basilar angle
mcraes line is from __ to __
anterior foramen magnum to posterior foramen magnum
what line is used at the posterior aspect of C2 to C7 to measure normal, kyphotic, or hyperkyphosis
Jackson stress lines
which line runs from anterior aspect of sp’s
or
posterior aspect of the spinal canal
spinolaminar line
which line runs from the posterior aspect for the vertebral bodies
or
the anterior aspect of the spinal canal
Georges line
posterior spinal line
what are the distance in spinal canal avg or minimal for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine
cervical - 24mm avg
thoracic- 12mm min
lumbar- 15mm min
24/2+3
what is the spinal canal to the vertebral body ratio called
what is considered good and bad
eisensteins rule
good 2:1
bad 4:1
which lines is used to indicate facet imbrication and degeneration
mcnabs line
where does mcnabs line run
what is it used for
inferior endplate of superior vertebrae
superior facet of the inferior vertebrae
facet imbrication and degeneration
where does van akkerveekens line run
what is it used for
inferior endplate of superior vertebrae
superior endplate of inferior vertebrae
hyperextension and prediction
what is hadleys S curve
what is it used for
how can it be taken
curve along the facet and Tps of the spine - looks like an S
indicates alignment
ap, pa, oblique
what is Fergusons lines also called
what is it used for
lumbar gravity line - references middle of L3 with a straight line down while using reference of the sacrum
normal - through the anterior 1/3 of sacral base
Fergusons line anterior to sacrum - hyperlordosis
Fergusons line posterior to sacrum - hypolordosis
what are the different types of salter Harris fractures
1 - through growth plate 2 - through growth plate and metaphysis 3 - through growth plate and epiphysis 4 - through GP, Met, Epiphysis - all 3 components 5- crush, compression, or impaction
scoliosis is most often __ lateral deviation
scoliosis is most commonly seen where in the spine
right
thoracolumbar
which test is used to determine if the scoliosis is functional or structural
Adams test
what signs or procedures are done to check if the scoliosis is mature or still progressing
rissers sign - check the iliac crest to see how much has developed and ossified which gives us indication of maturity
PA wrist - also shows signs of maturity
what causes the rotation is scoliosis
multifidi spasm
what is the protocol for scoliosis care
0-20- adjust
20-40- bracing
>40- surgery
>50- cardiopulmonary compromise
which lines and angles are used for scoliosis
Cobbs angle
lovett principles of scoliosis
explain
Lovett Positive or Rotatory Scoliosis. In a Lovett positive scoliosis, the axis of vertebral rotation in the lumbar area is posterior to the articulating processes. When the segments are asymmetrically loaded, the bodies of the involved segments normally deviate farther from the midline than their spinous processes.
Lovett Negative or Simple Scoliosis. If a lumbar scoliosis shows that the spinous processes have deviated from the midline further than the vertebral bodies, the condition is said to be atypical (negative). A negative scoliosis is indicative of marked muscle involvement.
what is kohlers line
line from posterior aspect of acetabulum to anterior aspects of obturator foramen
what is kohlers line used for
what if bilateral or unilateral
acetabular protrusio - walstrums teardrop
bilateral - pagets and RA
unilateral - infection and OA
what is Kleins line used for
SCFE
what is Kleins line
femoral neck line
what is iliofemoral line
outskirts of lateral ilium connecting to superior aspect of femoral neck
what is skinners line
line running through femoral shaft until the top of greater trochanter - right angle through fovea capitis
what is shentons line
superior aspect of obturator foramen to inferior aspect of femoral neck
what is femoral angle also called
what is it used for
femoral head/neck angle in reference to femoral shaft
coxa vara - <120
coxa valgum - >130
when distal segment moves out it = valgus
what is boehlers angle
what is it used for
angle with lines drawn from superior aspects of the anterior and posterior calcaneus
indicates fracture < 20*
normal 20-40*
retropharyngeal space
< 7 mm
retrolaryngeal space
<14
retrotracheal space
<22 mm
where is retrotracheal space located
C6- cricoid cartilage
ADI in child and adult
<5 child
<3 adult
coracoclavicular space
normal 4-5 mm
sprain 6-8 mm
operation >9mm
what is Fergusons angle
what’s normal
Fergusons angle - lumbosacral angle
normal 10-15*
(make sure < 35-45*)
