Public Health Flashcards
study of disease in population groups
epidemiology
number of new cases of disease
incidence
number of people with disease
morbidity (aka prevalence)
number of people who died
mortality
prevalence and incidence
frequency
exposed risk versus unexposed risk
risk ratio (aka relative risk)
the disease rate in exposed subjects
attributable risk
length of time from exposure to expression of disease
incubation
strength of disease
virulence
ability to defend the body form invasion
immunity
a distinct group of people that have something in common
cohort
what are the alcoholic questions
CAGE
cut down
annoyed
guilty
eye opener
social learning includes
behaviors determinism expectation self efficacy observational learning reinforcement
community organization theory includes
empowerment, competence, participation, issue selection, critical consciousness
what is the change theory
awareness
action/adoption
implementation
instititionalalization of change
theory that discusses new ideas and choices
innovation theory
the way of living, values, beliefs, standards, and patterns
culture
what is western medicine
meliorism - to improve
activisim - to do something
dominance - control nature
standaradize - treat same with culture blindness
form of reasoning in which conclusions are formulated about particulars from general or universal premises
deductive
average number of times in multiple testing that one expects to obtain a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed
E value
form of reasoning in which a generalized conclusion is formulated from a particular instance
Inductive
average score within distribution
mean
measure of variation that indicates average deviation of scores in a distribution
mean deviation
center score in a distribution
median
most frequent score in a distribution
mode
value of statistical significance of testing
P value
gold standard in research
RCT
compare to past evaluation
retrospective
measure of variation that indicates typical distance between score of a distribution
standard deviation
degree to which a study accurately reflects or assess specific concept that researcher is attempting to measure
validity
what is “ healthy people”
organized national approach to public health planning
started in 1979
467 objectives
individual health is inseparable from the larger community health
what is the vision of 2020
live long happy lives and focus on priorities, awareness, measure actions
YPLL - years potential life lost
what is the WHO
world, federal, or state?
world health organization
coordinates efforts to improve health throughout world
what is the APHA
world, federal, or state?
American public health association
largest most diverse public health organization of health professionals in the world
what is the USPHS
world, federal, or state?
United States public health service
national public health agency
what is the CDC
world, federal, or state?
epidemiological studies
research in disease and prevention
what is the ATSDR
world, federal, or state?
agency for toxic substance and disease registry
reviews reports of all public health assessment before information is disclosed to the public
what is the NPL
world, federal, or state?
national priorities list
special US EPA list of nation hazardous waste sites
what is the NIOSH
world, federal, or state?
national institute for occupational safety and health
department of health and human services - researches a creates occupational laws
what is the DOH
department of health
what is the EPA
environmental protection agency
what is the PHD
public health department
what is the DEP
department of environmental protection
what is the OSHA
occupational safety and health administration
enforce laws in the workplace
who is OSHA run by
department of labor
activity level should consist of what
aerobic 30 minutes daily
vigorous 20 minutes 3x week
what is primary prevention
prevention of occurrence of incidence of illness or injury
what is secondary prevention
prevention of disease or injury progression
what is tertiary prevention
prevention of permanent disability or death due to illness or injury
what is the chiropractic wellness model
manual procedures to promote illness
screen for risk factors
health behavior counseling
arthritis affects what % of Americans and MC form
25%
OA
what affects the top 3 killers in America
hypertension
heart, cancer, stroke
how many people are overweight
> 1 billion in the world
what does tobacco cause to
in utero adults risk pregnant diseases
in utero - premature or still born adults - CVD risk - normal after 15 yrs cessation pregnant - 15-17 yr old MC diseases - COPD, small cell cancer, stroke, GRAVES, DM
how many deaths per year
37 billion annually
spouses and exspouses kill by __
guns
boyfriend killed by __
knives
girlfriends killed by __
force
__ % are female victims
__% are male attackers
75%
75%
hate crimes were mostly associated with what
religion 66%
what are the leading health indicators
physical activity obesity tobacco substance abuse sexual behavior mental health injury environment access to health
smog usually causes what
low level ozone
what’s found in soil which causes cancer if inhaled
radon
what is the process of increasing oxygen saturation of water
aeration
what are hard water contaminants that increase heart disease
Mg
Ca
what are essentially lined garbage dumps to reduce water pollution
secure landfills
what type of waste is used to make energy
combustible waste
what are the hazardous wastes on the F, P, and U lists
F - solvents
P - discarded chemicals
U - unused chemicals
what wastes are acids and bases that can eat metal and fatal if ingested
corrosive waste
what wastes are unstable and can explode or ignite
reactive waste
what are the different forms of sewage treatments
primary treatment - screens and filters sedimentation - anaerobic bacteria
secondary treatment - trickles through a bed of stones - aerobic bacteria for sludge - aeration to oxidize
tertiary treatment - added filters, chemicals, or chlorination
what water sewage treatment removes the most solids
primary - 60%
secondary - 90%
what is the term that means what’s left as suspended solid after the primary filtering process?
these solids can be used for what
effluent
bio-solids –> fertilizers
what are the different stages of secondary sewage treatment
flocculation - clarify water by removing turbidity - coagulated clumps are filtered out by filters
deflocculation - prevents coagulation and clumping - dispense particles
bioremediation - microbes to break down pollutants - pseudomonas and bacillus MC
what diseases are transmitted through the air
TB, SARs, legionairs, anthrax, influenza
what disease are transmitted through food and water
giardiasis cholera parasites staph botulism cryptosporidium
what are the vectors for
malaria plague lymes west nile virus rabies
malaria - anopheles mosquito - plasmodium parasite
plague - fleas - yersinia pestis
lymes - deer tick
west nile virus - mosquito
rabies - animals
what infectious diseases can effect in utero or perinatal
TORCHS
toxoplasmosis other (HIV, varicella) rubella cytomegalovirus herpes simplex syphilis
what are artificially acquired adaptive immunity
vaccination
what is the number one reason for hospital admissions
mental illness
what is the most common barrier of mental illness
shame
ratio of depression for men and women
1: 4 women
1: 10 men
suicide is the __ leading cause of death in the ages of ___
3rd
15-25 yrs old
what is the most common form of OCD
fear of dirt and germs
substance abuse costs society over __ annually
500 billion
what is the most common psychoactive drug in the US
alcohol
MC in 21-25 yr old
what is most common illicit drug use
marijuanna
drug abuse most common in what age
18-20 yrs old
