General Xray Flashcards
what are the different types of spondylolisthesis
1- dysplastic - congenital 2- isthmic - pars alteration 3- degenerative 4- traumatic- fracture 5- pathological disease 6- iatrogenic - treatment induced 7- pending - developing stress fracture - MRI needed
what is the most common site of spondylolisthesis
what is the most. common site of degenerative spondylolisthesis
L5 - most common
L4 - degenerative most common
spondylolisthesis grading
meyerdings (grading)
spondylolisthesis diagnosis
ulmanns (diagnosis)
what are the different treatment methods for each grade of spondylothesis
meyerdings grading scale - adjust or not 1 - adjust 2 - adjust 3 - maybe 4 - no
motion study for each as well
spondyloptosis is what
which X-rays views help distinguish
what signs are presents if this condition is present
should you adjust
spondyloptosis is defined as 100% or greater subluxation of a superior vertebral body on an inferior one in the coronal or sagittal plane secondary to an injury [1]. Spondyloptosis results in one spinal segment being lodged in the anterior or posterior space of the adjacent segment
lateral lumbopelvic
ap spot
brailsfod bow
inverted napoleons hat sign
fuck no
what is the most common cause of spondylolisthesis
trauma
what is the contraindicated adjustment for spondylolisthesis
prone
what is the preferred adjustment for spondylolisthesis
supine knee to chest
what is the most common type of spondylolisthesis
isthmic
what is the most common level of traumatic spondylolisthesis
L5
should the colon have air in it
how about the small intestine
yes sure
no no no - indicates obstruction
stair stepping bubbles seen on xray indicate what
paralytic ileus
or
dynamic ileus
soft issue is the same density as ___ - which is called what sign
water
silhouette sign
midline calcification MC
pancreatic calculi
saccular calcification anterior to lumbar spine
AAA
calcification of the gall bladder indicates
porcelain gall bladder - malignant
enlarged gall bladder indicates what
hydrops
calcification subcutaneously indicates what
scleroderma
what is crest syndrome
associated with scleroderma
CREST
calcinosis of smooth muscle (esophagus and arteries) raynauds esophageal achalasia sclerodactylyl telangiectasia
aorta bifurcates at what level of lumbar spine
L2-L4
aorta calcifications are described how
linear
curvilinear
saccular
fusiform
dissecting aneurysms cause what type of pain
tearing pain
AAA is considered ___
___ is considered emergency
> 3.5 cm
> 5-6cm
best way to view gallstones
ultrasound
best way to view kidney stones
xray
bilateral flat hemidiaphram indicates what
COPD or emphysema
gastric line above diaphragm indicates what
hiatal hernia
lung collapse is referring to what
how does the mediastinum shift
primary sign
atelectasis
towards lesion
fissure displacement
air in the pleural space is referring to what
mediastinum shifts how
what view is needed
pneumothorax
away from lesion
expiratory film
spontaneous pneumothorax occurs to who
young male
no trauma
immediate pain
Kerly b lines are found in what conditionn
pulmonary edema
what causes fluid in the lungs which causes increased remits
pulmonary edema
what causes decreased fremitus
pleural effusion
which condition are lateral decubitus views helpful
pleural effusion
pan coast tumors are typically which type of tumor
bronchogenic
what is pan coast syndrome
lytic mets
rib destruction
horners syndrome
primary tumors often grow from small lesion into large mass which then cause
atelectasis
what is the spread called when it spreads from hilum interstitially
lymphogenous
what is the spread called when it spreads through the blood to entire lung field
hematogenous
which type of mets spread is associated with cannon ball mets
hematogenous
what causes granulomas from occupational dusts
pneumoconiosis
what are the different kinds of pneumoconiosis
silicosis
anthracosis
byssinosis
asbestosis
sandblasting causes what
silicosis
black lung or coal mining causes what
anthracosis
cotton mill workers can get what
byssinosis
construction workers can get what
asbestosis
normal xray lung diagnosis
pleurisy
fissure displacement is caused by what
atelectasis
what condition can you obtain if you are in Mississippi or Ohio river valleys from birds
histoplasmosis
what condition can you obtain if you are in the San Joaquin valley
coccidioidomycosis
widened mediastinum typically indicates what
lymphoma
relapsing fever and anterior scalloping of the vertebral body indicate what
Hodgkins lymphoma
ivory vertetbrae
acro-osteolysis is seen in what condition
sarcoidosis
what is the staph story for infection
IV drug user leads to disci tis to carditis to tricuspid valve
air bronchograms indicate what
bacterial pneumonia
silhouette signs indicate what
bacterial pneumonia
cannonball lesions indicate what in the lungs
mets
expiratory film is needed when
pneumothorax
what is the pneumonic for primary bone cancers
MOCE multiple myeloma osteosarcoma chondrosarcoma Ewings sarcoma
what are secondary bone cancer
lytic and blastic
moth eaten lesions in bone indicate what
lytic mets
or
multiple myeloma
which tumor affects the endosteal bone
which tumor affects the periosteal bone
MM
sarcomas
winking pedicle indicates what
lytic mets
prostate causes what kind of bone mets
blastic
describe MM
OLDER
vertebral collapse
rain drops
punched out
what tumor is not seen on bone scan
MM
MM lab findings
bence jones proteins
reverse A/G ration
increase SED
IgM spike
bence jones proteins indicate what
MM
describe osteosarcoma
MC’s
young knee MC blastic MC codmans triangle spicculating radiating periosteal reaction
does MM have periosteal reaction
no
describe chondrosarcoma
adult lesion
secondary lesion to enchondroma or osteochondroma
describe Ewings sarcoma
young diaphysial tumor laminated periosteal saucerization permeative
MILD FEVER
diaphysial tumor in children
in adults
ewings
MM
epiphyseal tumors in children
in adults
chondroblastoma
giant cell
epiphyseal, children, oval, round, fluffy, cotton wool
chondroblastoma
epiphyseal, adult, soap bubble, expansile, quasi malignant
giant cell
exostosis, metaphysis, sessile or pedunculated
osteochondroma
autosomal dominant of multiple osteochondromas
hereditary multiple exostosis
coarse vertical trabeculae, stenosis, corduroy appearance
hemangioma
tumor from the notochord, medullary cavity fills with cartilage, usually appears in the sacrum
chordoma
geographic, lytic, hands
enchondroma
multiple enchondromas
with soft tissues abnormalities
Olliers
Maffuccis
dense, osseous, single round mass?
multiple small masses?
enostoma or bone island
osteopoikilosis
central vascular zone, radiolucent nidus, surrounded by dense sclerosis, neural arch, femur
osteoid osteoma
which tumor is relieved by aspirin for night pain
osteoid osteoma
giant osteoid osteoma, expansile lesion, neural arch or spinous may enlarge
osteoblastoma
solitary, metaphysical, oval shaped, scalloped border, soap bubble appearance, lytic, hazy
non ossifying fibroma
lytic, metaphyseal, geographic, small, sclerotic border
fibrous cortical defect
blood filled, eccentric, metaphseal, saccular, soap bubble, blown out appearance, finger in the balloon sign
aneurysmal bone cyst
singular, central, metaphyseal, filled will fluid, fallen fragment sign
simple bone cyst
what is another term for simple bone cyst
unicameral bone cyst
the great imitator, metaphyseal, hazy ground glass, expansile, rind sign, cafe au last
fibrous dysplasia
coast of Maine
fibrous dysplasia
coast of California
neurofibromatosis
fibrous dysplasia in a female
albright syndrome
autosomal dominant, cafe au lait, fibroma molluscum, osseous deformities, kyphoscoliosis, posterior vertebral scalloping
neurofibromatosis
thickened cortex, brim sign, soft phosphorous bone, older, bowing legs, big head, deafness
pagets
what are the stages of pagets
lytic
mixed
blastic
malignant
what occurs in the blood during pagets disease
increased all phosphatase
normal calcium
pagets is also known as
osteitis deformans
purpose of X-rays
diagnose biomechanics anomalies screen contraindications monitor progression
what’s the cervical spine xray flexion extension rule
excessive movement of 3mm = instability
don’t adjust
functional xrays are used for what
to detect aberrant motion
