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Occupational & Environmental Health > Workers And Worker Populations > Flashcards

Workers And Worker Populations Flashcards

0
Q

Expected increase in labor force between 2000 and 2010

A

17 million

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1
Q

Expected US population increase between 2000 and 2025

A

24%

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2
Q

Expected changes in workforce

A
  1. Increase in proportion of female workers
  2. Increase in average age of workers
  3. Growth of all ethnic groups
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3
Q

Compared with 1969 the average American now works ——- more hours per year

A

163

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4
Q

Percent of workers working 49 or more hours per week

Percent of workers working 60 or more hours per week

A

25%

11%

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5
Q 
Average vacation time:
Swedish
German
French
English
A

5-8 weeks
6 weeks
6 weeks
6 weeks

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6
Q

Percent telework/telecommuters 2000

A

10%

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7
Q

Composition of workers who worked at home at least one day per week

A

50% wage and salary workers taking work home on unpaid basis
17% wage and salary workers taking work home on paid basis
30% self employed

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8
Q

Pros of working from home

A
  1. Less commuting
  2. Less stressful environment
  3. Possibly fewer occupational injuries and illnesses
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9
Q

Cons to working from home

A
  1. Lack of safety oversight
  2. Introduction of workplace hazards into the home
  3. Isolation from peers
  4. May potentially increase stress and potential for injuries
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10
Q

Portion of US workers who will be employed in industries that produce or intensively use information technology, products and services, by 2006

A

Nearly half of all workers

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11
Q

Trends in health care benefits provided at work sites

A
  1. Undergoing rapid changes
  2. Drastic reductions in employer provided health care insurance
  3. Workers paying more out of pocket expenses and reduced choice of provider
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12
Q

Major contributors to workplace stress

A
  1. Organization of work
  2. Increasing frequency of layoffs and corporate downsizing
  3. Longer hours
  4. Compressed work weeks
  5. Shift work
  6. Reduced job security
  7. Part-time and temporary work
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13
Q

Work organization refers to the following:

A
  1. Scheduling of work
  2. Job design
  3. Interpersonal aspects of work
  4. Career concerns
  5. Management style
  6. Organizational characteristics
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14
Q

Components of scheduling of work, related to workplace stress

A
  1. Work-rest schedules
  2. Number of hours of work
  3. Shift work
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15
Q

Components of job design related to workplace stress

A
  1. Complexity of tasks
  2. Skill and effort required
  3. Degree of worker control
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16
Q

Components of interpersonal aspects of work related to workplace stress

A

Relationships with supervisors and coworkers

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17
Q

Components of career concerns related to workplace stress

A
  1. Job security

2. Growth opportunities

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18
Q

Components of management style related to workplace stress

A

Participatory versus autocratic style

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19
Q

Organizational characteristics related to workplace stress

A
  1. Climate
  2. Culture
  3. Communication
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20
Q

Workplace violence includes…

A

Any action that threatens or causes harm to workers or to the work environment

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21
Q

Workplace violence may result in…

A
  1. Lost work time and wages
  2. Reduced productivity
  3. Medical costs
  4. Worker compensation payments
  5. Legal and security expenses
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22
Q

Warning signs for workplace violence

A
  1. Mood changes
  2. Negative behavior
  3. Verbal threats
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23
Q

Percent of people able to recogonize “red flag” behaviors for workplace violence

A

Less than 4%

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24
Q

US code that defines terrorism

A

Title 22 of United States Code, Section 2656f(d)

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25
Q

Terrorism

A

Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience

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26
Q

International terrorism

A

Terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country

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27
Q

Terrorist group

A

Any group practicing, or having significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism

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28
Q

In 2001, number of civilians, security personnel and terrorists killed and number wounded in international terrorist acts

A

Killed: 6318
Wounded: 4160

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29
Q

Implications of current demographic and social trends for occupational and environmental health nurse

A
  1. Will need to take into account when designing and implementing programs and services
  2. Health care benefits may influence services available at work site
  3. Workers need assistance handling conflicting demands
  4. Less opportunity for face to face communication and need for development of less personal methods of communication
  5. Be alert to potentially dangerous affects of fatigue on worksite
  6. Programs needed to identify and prevent situations caused by stress and mental illness
  7. Violence prevention and control measures developed for worksite
  8. Development of comprehensive plans to deal with terrorism related events
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30
Q

Colors for Homeland Security Advisory System risk of attack

A 
Green- low
Blue- guarded
Yellow- elevated
Orange- high
Red- severe
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31
Q

Homeland Security recommendations for businesses

Low-Green

A
  1. Use Red Cross “Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry” to develop written emergency plans
  2. Develop continuity of operations plan
  3. Arrange for staff to take Red Cross CPR/AED and first aid course
  4. Obtain “Terrorism: Preparing for the Unexpected and Preparing Your Business for the Unthinkable”and distribute to all employees
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32
Q

Homeland Security recommendations for businesses

Guarded-Blue

A
  1. Complete recommended actions at lower levels
  2. Be alert of suspicious activities and report to authorities
  3. Dialogue with community leaders, emergency management, government agencies, community organizations and utilities about disaster preparedness
  4. Emergency communication plan updated to include purchase of needed equipment
  5. Have local Red Cross provide “Terrorism: Preparing for the Unexpected” presentation at workplace
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33
Q

Homeland Security recommendations for businesses

Elevated-Yellow

A
  1. Complete recommended actions at lower levels
  2. Be alert of suspicious activity and report to authorities
  3. Contact private security firm for security risk assessment
  4. Contact voluntary organizations you support to determine how you can provide assistance in emergency
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34
Q

Homeland Security recommendations for businesses

High-Orange

A
  1. Complete recommended actions at lower levels
  2. Be alert to suspicious activity and report to authorities
  3. Review emergency plans to include continuity of operations and media materials on hand
  4. Determine need to restrict access to business
  5. Contact vendors/suppliers to confirm emergency response plan procedures
  6. If need is announced offer to organize blood drive
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35
Q

Homeland Security recommendations for businesses

Severe-Red

A
  1. Complete recommended actions at lower levels
  2. Listen to radio/TV for current information
  3. Be alert for suspicious activity and report to authorities
  4. Work with local community leaders, emergency management, government agencies, community organizations and utilities to meet immediate needs of community
  5. Determine need to close business
  6. Be prepared to work with a dispersed/ smaller workforce
  7. Ensure mental health counselors available
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36
Q

Most rapidly growing job sector in the United States between 2002-2012

A

Service sector jobs

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37
Q

Service sector job will account for — of the new wage and salary jobs generated

A

96%

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38
Q

—– share of total jobs will decline

A

Manufacturing

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39
Q

—— and —— will have the most growth between 2002-2012

A

Computer technology

Health care

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40
Q

Demand for skilled work is

A

Increasing

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41
Q

— out of ten workers were unskilled in the 1950s

A

6

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42
Q

Currently —- out of ten workers are skilled

A

6

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43
Q

Occupations requiring an associates degree or higher education accounted for —– of all jobs in 1998

A

25%

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44
Q

An associates degree or higher education will be required for —- of jobs from 1998-2008

A

40%

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45
Q

—- of the 50 highest paying occupations requires at least a bachelors degree

A

49

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46
Q

The pay gap between those with education and those without has more than —– since the mid-1980s

A

Doubled

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47
Q

High technology in the workplace

A
  • equipment using will be in all work settings
  • advances have increased speed of production and subsequent demands on workers
  • increasing use of computers has caused higher incidences of cumulative trauma disorders
  • automation eliminates certain types of jobs
  • fewer workers are responsible for complex systems
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48
Q

Service sector jobs are more likely to involve

A
  1. Stress
  2. Confrontation
  3. Violence
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49
Q

Reasons for occupational stress related to technological changes

A
  1. Job ambiguity
  2. Role uncertainty
  3. Job insecurity
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50
Q

In 2003 —- of females age 16 and older were in the labor force

A

60%

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51
Q

In 1977 —— of females age 16 and older were in the workforce

A

51%

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52
Q

Since 2000 labor force participation of females age ——- has declined and growth in participation has slowed substantially

A

16-24

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53
Q

The proportion of female workers is expected to increase by —– by 2010

A

48%

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54
Q

—— females had the lowest rate of participation in the labor force in 2002

A

Hispanic

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55
Q

——-, ——- and ——- females participated in the workforce at essentially the same rate in 2002

A

Whites
African Americans
Asian

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56
Q

Workforce participation rate of mothers with children has ——- since 1999

A

Declined

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57
Q

Workforce participation rate for mothers with children age 6 to 17

A

75% participation

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58
Q

Workforce participation rate for mothers with children under age 6

A

59% participation

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59
Q

Workforce participation rate for mothers with children under age 3

A

56% participation

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60
Q

Since 1975, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under the age of 18 has grown from —– to —–

A

47% to 72%

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61
Q

Labor force participation rates of female 55-64 in 1985, 1995 and 2003

A

1985: 42%
1995: 49.2%
2003: 56.6%

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62
Q

In the 1970s wives’ earnings accounted for —– of their families’ incomes

A

27%

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63
Q

In 2001 wives’ earnings accounted for —– of their families’ incomes

A

34%

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64
Q

Females are disproportionately represented in which type of job

A

Lower-paying service sector jobs

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65
Q

Females have greater responsibility outside of work for…..

A

Care of dependents both children and the elderly

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66
Q

Percentage of caregivers to the elderly that are female

A

72%

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67
Q

Why are females more at risk for certain types of injuries than males?

A

Women are often:

  1. Shorter
  2. Lighter
  3. Not as physically strong
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68
Q

Highest rates of work related musculoskeletal disorders have been reported in ——-

A

Females

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69
Q

Female risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders include

A
  1. Differences in structure and physiology

2. Nature of jobs performed

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70
Q

Lung cancer rates are increasing faster in ——- than ——

A

Females

Males

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71
Q

Worksite exposures can cause serious considerations for female workers when they….

A

Represent as reproductive hazard

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72
Q

Sources of work related stress for females often reflect….

A

Conflicts between meeting work demands and family and self care needs

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73
Q

Strategies to promote health and safety in females

A
  1. Education
  2. Support groups
  3. Referral to community resources
  4. Other strategies
74
Q

Examples of worksite programs and services that address the specific needs and problems of females:

A
  1. Programs and services related to prenatal care, female health and menopause concerns
  2. Programs related to early detection of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer
  3. Support for caregiver roles assumed outside of work
  4. Work site day care for children and dependent adults
  5. Targeted for smoking cessation programs and services in view of increasing smoking rates
75
Q

Worksite adjustments that may be needed to accommodate biological characteristics of females

A
  1. Work stations should be adjusted to accommodate females’ stature
  2. Ergonomic programs and services targeted to females to prevent musculoskeletal disorders
  3. Surveillance for potential reproductive hazards
  4. Personal protective equipment that fits females
76
Q

Attention should be directed to he following issues regarding job stress in females

A
  1. Eliminating sex discrimination and harassment
  2. Developing coping skills
  3. Promoting participation in decision making
  4. Expanding opportunities for advancement
  5. Providing family support programs and services
77
Q

An increasing proportion of the population consists of…..

A

Minority groups

78
Q

Minority populations in the US are defined as:

A
  1. American Indian (AI)
  2. Alaskan Native (AN)
  3. Asian American
  4. African-American (black)
  5. Hispanic or Latino
  6. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI)
79
Q

By 2010, —— will replace African Americans as the largest minority group

A

Hispanic

80
Q

By 2040 minorities will increase to almost —– of the population

A

One half

81
Q

Minority status has been found to contribute to ——– , even when controlling for insurance status and access to primary care physicians

A

Health disparities

82
Q

Leading causes of death differ by minority group: ——- is more common among African Americans

A

Hypertension

83
Q

Leading causes of death differ by minority group: ——- is more common among Native Americans

A

Diabetes

84
Q

Leading causes of death differ by minority group: ——- is more common among Hispanics

A

Chronic liver disease

85
Q

In 2000, —- of the labor force was foreign born

A

12.6%

86
Q

Minorities tend to work disproportionately in ———-

A

High risk occupations

87
Q

Minorities suffer a disproportionate burden of workplace ——– and ——

A

Morbidity and mortality

88
Q

Nonwhite workers experience higher ——– rates than white workers

A

Unemployment

89
Q

Hispanic and African-American workers have a lower ——— than white workers

A

Median household income

90
Q

Changes in labor force composition in all racial groups:

A
  1. Growth in female participation
  2. Decline in male participation
  3. Growth in all racial groups
91
Q

Implications for occupational and environmental health nurse of minorities in the workforce:

A
  1. Need to have greater knowledge of and greater use of multicultural approaches
  2. Increased knowledge of diseases that are common in certain minorities
  3. For workers with fewer educational opportunities: remedial programs at the worksite
  4. Consideration of special needs of worked who are non English speaking or who has low literacy levels to ensure participation in worksite health and safety programs
92
Q

The US population is growing…..

A

Older

93
Q

The median age of Americans is proceed to climb from —- in 2000 to —— by the year 2050

A
  1. 5

40. 7

94
Q

In 2003, there were —— workers age 55 and older, which was —– of total employment

A
  1. 2 million

15. 4%

95
Q

—– elderly workers are returning to or remaining in the workforce

A

More

96
Q

In 1965 the typical male worker would spend —— in retirement, today that has —— to 18 years.

A

13 years

Increased

97
Q

The number of elderly per working adult is —–

A

Increasing

98
Q

It is expected that the number of people 65 years of age per 100 working age Americans will nearly double from —– in 2000 to —– by 2050

A
  1. 6

34. 9

99
Q

Is there a mandatory retirement age for workers in most job categories?

A

No

100
Q

The middle-aged and older worker is more likely to have responsibilities for…..

A

A defendant parent or spouse

101
Q

Often retirees would like to work, but they Fe confronted by barriers such as:

A
  1. Physical
  2. Social
  3. Emotional
102
Q

By 2010, —— and ——- age groups will outnumber younger workers

A

Middle age and older

103
Q

Workers over 55 are —- to be injured on the job

A

30% less likely

104
Q

When injured workers over 55 take ——— on average to recover

A

Two weeks longer

105
Q

Occupational and environmental health nurses should consider the following strategies to address the special needs and problems of older workers:

A
  1. Programs and services to prevent and treat musculoskeletal disorders related to poor ergonomics
  2. Increased light at work sites to improve visibility, because light requirements increase with age
  3. Increased attention to measures to ensure adequate hearing ability
  4. Increased support for caregiver roles assumed outside of work
  5. Promotion of work-site and community day-care facilities for dependent adults
  6. More programs and services focusing on the illnesses more common in middle age, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer
  7. More programs and services to prepare workers for retirement
106
Q

Interactions with older workers should allow for possible decreases in their ability to…

A
  1. Hear
  2. Process information
  3. Handle new technology
107
Q

Training programs for older workers should:

A
  1. Allow self paced learning
  2. Us training materials with high contrast colors and bold typeface
  3. Avoid posting training materials above eye level
  4. Speak clearly and distinctly during training sessions
  5. Use adult learning principles to train older adults in new skills
  6. Provide a friendly, supportive environment
  7. Eliminate jargon from the worksite, or at least explain it from the start
  8. Use multiple training methodologies
  9. Use older workers to teach other older adults
  10. Build upon valuable life experiences
  11. Link learning with rewards
  12. Give older learned something in writing to help reinforce learning
108
Q

Disease prevention programs and services may become increasingly important as a means of…

A

Decreasing healthcare costs including the costs of supplemental health care insurance

109
Q

As corporations attempt to improve their profit picture by reducing employment of ——— programs and services will be needed to assist workers with —————

A

Mid-level middle aged workers

Job and career transitions

110
Q

Occupational and environmental health nurses should ensure that ————- take into consideration the needs and interests of older workers

A

Wellness programs and services

111
Q

Health promotion by —— has been successful in reducing ———- of retirees an decreasing ———–

A

Mail

Health care costs

Health-risk behaviors

112
Q

The minimum age for youth employment in the United States is…..

A

14 years

113
Q

The exception to the minimum age for youth employment is….

A

1) Certain agricultural jobs in which 12 and 13 year olds are permitted to work
2) Children working on family farms are exempt from regulations and typically work at a much younger age

114
Q

The minimum age for hazardous job activities is….

A

18 years of age in non agricultural settings, but 16 years of age in agricultural settings

115
Q

In 2001, it was estimated that nearly ——- 15-17 year old youth were employed in the United States

A

3.7 million

116
Q

The 3.7 million 15-17 year old employed in 2001 does not include the following:

A
  1. 14 year olds
  2. Newspaper carriers
  3. Family businesses, including farming
117
Q

It is estimated that at least —— of 16-17 year olds work at some time during the school year

A

44%

118
Q

Most minors are employed in the following industries:

A
  1. Retail trade
  2. Restaurants
  3. Grocery stores
  4. Service industries
  5. Agriculture
119
Q

Approximately —- of youth are employed illegally in violation of the laws restricting hours of work or the prohibited hazardous occupations

A

4%

120
Q

——- and ——- children are less likely to be employed

A

Low income

Minority

121
Q

When low income and minority children are employed they are more to ——– and —————– than high income children

A

Work more hours

In more hazardous jobs

122
Q

Although most adolescents work part time, their injury rate has been found to be ———– than for adults, based on the number of hours worked

A

Two times higher

123
Q

An average of —- adolescents die from injuries at work each year

A

70

124
Q

Nearly ——- adolescents suffer nonfatal injuries, a substantial number of which require treatment in hospital ER

A

230,000

125
Q

More than half of work related for adolescents occur in —— the majority of which are ——

A

Restaurants

Fast-food establishments

126
Q

Other industries with high injury risk for adolescents include:

A
  1. Retail stores
  2. Agriculture
  3. Construction
  4. Manufacturing
127
Q

Many nonfatal work injuries for adolescents involve with/on

A
  1. Knives
  2. Hot oil
  3. Cooking appliances
  4. Wet and greasy floors
128
Q

Most common work related injuries for adolescents:

A
  1. Overexertion from heavy lifting
  2. Lacerations
  3. Strains and sprains
  4. Contusions
  5. Burns
129
Q

Adolescent Latino farm workers are routinely involved in handling pesticides without…..

A
  1. Proper training

2. Use of personal protective equipment

130
Q

Barriers to adequate protection for adolescent Latino farm workers exposed to pesticides:

A
  1. Lack of age appropriate materials
  2. Language issues
  3. Lack of knowledge about risk
131
Q

40% of work related fatalities among children occur in….

A

Agriculture

132
Q

Primary area of agricultural work related fatalities among children

A

Crop production

133
Q

—— of the children who died while working in agriculture were under the age of 15

A

50%

134
Q

——- had the second highest number of fatalities among children

A

Retail trades

135
Q

The majority of adolescent deths in retail trade occur due to…

A

Assaults and violent acts

136
Q

About —- of occupational fatalities among minors involve motor vehicles

A

44%

137
Q

Other common causes of occupational fatalities among minors include:

A
  1. Being caught or compressed by equipment

2. Being struck by a falling object

138
Q

Boys are ———– to die in the workplace than girls

A

8 times more likely

139
Q

Federal and state child labor laws regulate youth employment and establish…..

A
  1. Permitted hours of work
  2. Prohibited work activities
  3. Administrative requirements
140
Q

Use of a permit system for minors to work is required in —- states

A

41

141
Q

Youths who work without a permit are more likely to ——— and less likely to ——–

A

Perform dangerous job tasks

Receive appropriate health and safety training

142
Q

More than 75% of employers of young workers are unfamiliar with…..

A

Child labor laws

143
Q

Data suggest that a substantial percentage of occupational fatalities among youths are associated with……

A

Violations of child labor regulations

144
Q

The federal law regulating youth employment

A

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938

145
Q

FLSA has undergone few substantive changes since…..

A

1970

146
Q

FLSA does not reflect:

A
  1. Changes in the work patterns for young people
  2. The nature of work and associated hazards
  3. Knowledge about the health and safety risks that young workers face
147
Q

Little research has been done to evaluate children in the workplace for:

A
  1. Acute, chronic or latent effects from exposure to toxic chemicals, such as pesticides
  2. Physical hazards such as noise
  3. Long term effects of injuries sustained during early work experiences
148
Q

——— leads all other industrialized nations in the employment of youth

A

The United States

149
Q

Children who work have two jobs —– and —-

A

Education

Employment

150
Q

Children’s work is typically not connected to…..

A

Their educational needs and goals

151
Q

Contributing factors for the increase in the number of children working include:

A
  1. Social pressure
  2. High level of consumerism
  3. Acceptance of child employment
  4. Availability of low skilled jobs
  5. Lower wages
  6. Growing poverty
  7. Relaxation in law enforcement
  8. Increasing immigration
152
Q

Teens are inexperienced workers and less likely to…..

A

Recognize hazards or to understand their legal rights on the job

153
Q

——- and —— of adolescence puts youth at greater risk for disruption of organ system function as a result of chemical exposure

A

Biology

Physiologic immaturity

154
Q

Rapid changes occurs in the following organ systems during adolescence:

A
  1. Reproductive
  2. Respiratory
  3. Skeletal
  4. Immune
  5. Central nervous system
155
Q

The number of hours worked by teens may affect or lower….

A
  1. Academic performance
  2. Educational attainment
  3. Participation in peer and family activities
156
Q

The number of hours worked by teens may increase the risk of….

A

Substance abuse and other minor Devine behaviors

157
Q

Adolescents have a physiologic need for more —– than adults

A

Sleep

158
Q

Longer and later work hours for teens may lead to ——- which may in turn cause ——–

A

Sleep deprivation

Falling asleep in school and increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression

159
Q

Potential ways for occupational and environmental health nurses to get involved with children in the workplace:

A
  1. Advocacy
  2. Education and outreach
  3. Research
160
Q

Ways the occupational and environmental health nurse can become involved in advocacy for children in the workplace:

A
  1. Reinforce that teens have the right to a safe and healthy work environment
  2. Participate in partnerships with diverse members of the community to develop a comprehensive educational approach to address the health and safety needs of young workers
  3. Encourage educators to use the opportunity of approving work permits to monitor the appropriateness of planned work activities and hours
  4. Provide information to schools regarding available health and safety curricula for students
  5. Reinforce to employers that they are responsible for providing a safe and healthy work environment for young workers
  6. Educate primary care and adolescent health care providers to inquire at their patients work activities
  7. Promote job opportunities that provide both educational opportunities and a balanced schedule
  8. Encourage teens to be involved in the development and delivery of health and safety training programs and services
  9. Advocate that the enforcement of existing regulations should be strengthened and updated
161
Q

Nurse partnerships with diverse members of the community to advocate for educational approaches to health and safety needs of young workers should include:

A
  1. Parents
  2. Employers
  3. Educators
  4. Health care providers
  5. Teens
  6. Others
162
Q

What topics should be enforced with employers in regards to providing a safe and healthy work environment for young workers?

A
  1. Must provide adequate (ie extra) supervision and training

2. Assign only age-appropriate activities

163
Q

What should the occupational and environmental health nurse educate primary care providers for young workers about?

A
  1. Inquiring about their patients work activities
  2. Provide appropriate anticipatory guidance
  3. Workers compensation should be obtained for work related injuries or exposures
164
Q

What are the benefits of encouraging teens to be involved in the development and delivery of health and safety training programs and services?

A

Such programs and services increase acceptance among peers and enhance their own investment in protecting themselves and understanding their rights

165
Q

Existing child labor regulations should be updated to……

A

Reflect their appropriateness in the current work environment

166
Q

Agricultural regulations for child labor laws should be updated to…..

A

Be consistent with the nonagricultural restrictions for hazardous activities

167
Q

Occupational health and safety professionals and public health injury control experts should be educated regarding ————- and develop ———–

A

The risk of occupational injury for children and adolescents

Cross-training programs and services regarding occupational hazards for youth and prevention strategies

168
Q

Workplace health and safety training programs and services such as ——, ——— and ——- should be age appropriate

A

Hazard communication
Injury and illness prevention
Safe task performance

169
Q

Teen workers should be encouraged to do the following things in regards to hazardous work activities……

A

Ask questions and refuse to perform activities that they have not been trained to do or are too dangerous

170
Q

Front-line supervisors and adult co-workers who directly interact with teens should receive…..

A

Extra training about the special needs of young workers

171
Q

These types of programs should be established by the employer to help address the special needs of teen workers:

A
  1. Mentoring programs

2. Services to buddy experienced workers with new ones

172
Q

What education should be provided in high schools regarding work?

A

Education about:

  1. Occupational health and safety issues
  2. Work related rights and responsibilities
173
Q

Farm families should be involved in educational and prevention activities to increase awareness of……

A

The risk of injury in the home and farm work environment

174
Q

More research is needed to examine the association of factors among adolescents such as:

A

Work experience, gender, work setting, and pace of work, with the occurrence of hazardous exposures and injuries

175
Q

More research is needed regarding the association between work intensity and injury, including……

A

The number of hours worked per day and per week

176
Q

More understanding is also needed about working ———— during adolescence

A

Late night hours

177
Q

Research leading to a better understanding of ——— work activities in agricultural and nonagricultural settings for adolescents is crucial

A

Age appropriate

178
Q

————- should be developed to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs and services for adolescents

A

Intervention research projects

179
Q

Examples of training programs and services that should be evaluated via intervention research projects for adolescents:

A
  1. Apprenticeship and other vocational education programs
  2. Integration of occupational health and safety curriculum in high schools
  3. Programs and services aimed at providing training to employers of youth about their special needs
  4. Enforcement of federal and state child labor laws
180
Q

More surveys of teens regarding their beliefs and attitudes about ——- on the job should be taken

A

Safety

181
Q

Surveys of teens regarding beliefs and attitudes about safety on the job would provide more information to assess….

A

Effectiveness of interventions aimed at reaching youth and to identify relevant health communication techniques, including issues regarding literacy,language and cultural differences

182
Q

Research on the long-term impacts of early work related exposures and injuries should be done including:

A
  1. Evaluation of disability outcomes and psychologic response
  2. Attitudes towards work and the risk of occupational hazards
  3. Biologic effects of toxic exposures
  4. Changes in career options as a result of injury
  5. Special needs of young workers with disabilities

Occupational & Environmental Health (49 decks)

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