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Concepts Of Toxicology & Industrial Hygiene Principles- Done Flashcards

0
Q

Reproductive hazards in the workplace are most associated with these exposures

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Lead
  3. DBCP
  4. Ethylene glycol ethers
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1
Q

An aerosol of solid particles generated by welding on heavy metals is…

A

Fume

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2
Q

Nephrotic ins are most associated with exposures to

A

Heavy metals and mercury

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3
Q

Toxicology defined

A

Study of adverse effects on biological systems

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4
Q

Definition of industrial hygiene includes

A
  1. Anticipation
  2. Recognition
  3. Evaluation
  4. Control
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5
Q

Example of a simple asphyxiate

A

Methane

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6
Q

Permissible exposure limits (PELs) outline by OSHA are considered safe

A

False

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7
Q

A chemical asphyxiant has no effect on other organs of the body

A

False

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8
Q

Pertains to an action of two or more substances, organs or organisms to achieve an effect greater than the additive effect of the separate elements

A

Synergistic effect

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9
Q

Interdisciplinary members of the occupational health and safety team for industrial hygiene

A
  1. Management
  2. Safety/industrial hygiene
  3. Health care providers
  4. Engineering/ergonomists/physicists
  5. Employees, unions others as appropriate
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10
Q

Types of environmental stressors

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physical
  3. Biological
  4. Ergonomic (human)
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11
Q

Chemical stressors

A

Materials such as:

  1. Acids
  2. Alkalis (corrosives)
  3. Solvents
  4. Minerals
  5. Detergents
  6. Paints
  7. Pesticides
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12
Q

Types of chemical stressors

A
  1. Mists
  2. Vapors
  3. Gases
  4. Smoke
  5. Dusts
  6. Aerosol
  7. Fumes
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13
Q

Physical stressors

A

Includes conditions produced by environment and processes

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14
Q

Examples of physical stressors

A
  1. Noise
  2. Temperature
  3. Illumination
  4. Vibration
  5. Radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing)
  6. Pressure
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15
Q

Biological stressors

A

Includes infectious living matter

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16
Q

Examples of biological stressors

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungus
  4. Parasites
  5. Plants
  6. Insects
  7. Animals
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17
Q

Ergonomic (human) stressors

A

Includes man-machine relationships, mental & emotional stresses

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18
Q

Examples of ergonomic stressors

A
  1. Posture
  2. Repetition
  3. Force
  4. Fatigue
  5. Monotony
  6. Awkward tasks
  7. Increased physical demands
  8. Conflict
  9. Mental stress
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19
Q

Toxicity

A

The inherent capacity of a substance to cause harm or to produce injury/illness when it enters the body

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20
Q

Hazard

A

The probability that a substance will produce harm under specific conditions

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21
Q

Dose

A

-The single factor that determines the degree of harmfulness of a compound

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22
Q

Dose continuum

A 
Point source emission
Human contact exposure
Potential dose to the body
Biologically effective/response dose to the target system
Early expression of disease
Health effect on endpoint
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23
Q

Response continuum

A

No response range
Range of increasing response with increasing dose
Maximum response range

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24
Exposure
The quantity and extent of external contact with a toxic substance
25
Toxic response
An effect considered to be harmful to the biological system as a result of exposure to a chemical, biological or physical agent
26
BEI's
- biological exposure indices - exposure limits based on levels of substances within the body - based on levels of substances found in the body normally urine, blood or exhaled air - measures the exposed individuals internal environment
27
Toxic agent
An agent capable of producing a harmful response in a biological system leading to serious injury, dysfunction or death
28
Safe limits
The practical certainty that a substance will not produce harm under specific conditions
29
Permissible exposure limits (PELs)
- used by OSHA | - chemical exposure can be measured, then compared to recognized standards for a healthful environment
30
Determinants of amount of hazard
1. Source of emissions (form) 2. How exposed (ventilation, working conditions, presence of other exposures, job activities) 3. How much (concentration, frequency) 4. How long (duration) 5. Temperature 6. Personal sensitivity 7. Functional condition of target organs and organs of detoxification 8. Age 9. Gender 10. Nutrition 11. Health status
31
Modes of entry of toxic substances into the body
1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Skin and eye absorption 4. Injection
32
LD50
Dose of toxic substance which will produce death in 50% of the animals
33
Items that influence LD50
1. Species 2. Route of administration 3. Vehicle 4. Time period
34
Most common route of exposure in test animals
Intraperitoneal
35
LC50
- Lethal concentration for 50% of the exposed organisms in the air - Like LD50 it is determined statistically using the proportions of animals killed from several different dose/exposure groups
36
Factors influencing intensity of toxic action
1. Rate of entry 2. Additive interaction 3. Synergistic effect 4. Potentiation 5. Antagonism 6. Effect of toxins in the body
37
Types of rate of entry
1. Acute | 2. Chronic
38
Acute effects
- Immediate damage to skin, eyes, lungs or stomach etc | - may be felt right away or have a delayed reaction
39
Chronic effects
Damage may build up from long range exposure over weeks, months, years
40
Additive interaction
Describes the concept of combined effects from more than one route of exposure
41
Example of additive interaction
Inhalation and ingestion of the same substance
42
Synergistic
Pertaining to an action of two or more substances, organs or organisms to achieve a greater effect that he additive effects of the separate element
43
Potentiation
Refers to the action of a substance, thereby maintaining elevated systemic levels of the toxic agent
44
Example of potentiation
Alcohol consumption combined with lead exposure increases the absorption of lead through the GI tract, potentiating the toxicity of lead
45
Antagonism
Refers to an effect that is less severe than expected when a substance prevents the absorption of a toxic substance
46
Modes of excretion
1. Urine 2. Perspiration 3. Milk 4. Spinal fluid 5. Saliva 6. Hair
47
Biotransformation
Transformed into substance that can be excreted
48
Half-life
Where it's stored and length of storage in the body
49
Location and duration of PCB storage
- fatty tissue | - lifetime
50
Physical states of chemical contaminants
1. Dust 2. Fiber 3. Fume 4. Gas 5. Vapor 6. Mist
51
Dust
Solid particles | Also fibrous
52
Fiber
Regular shape | Usually three times longer than it is wide
53
Examples of fibers
1. Asbestos | 2. Fiberglass
54
Fume
Particle in heated gaseous state
55
Gas
Formless matter
56
Vapor
Gaseous form of liquid
57
Mist
Suspended liquid droplets
58
Physiological classifications of chemical contaminants/target organs
1. Irritants 2. Asphyxiants 3. Narcotic 4. Hepatotoxins 5. Nephrotoxins 6. Neurotoxins 7. Hematopoietic agents 8. Agents which damage the lung 9. Carcinogen 10. Mutagen 11. Teratogen 12. Reproductive effects
59
Types of irritants
1. Primary | 2. Secondary
60
Primary irritants
No system action
61
Examples of primary irritants
Acids
62
Secondary irritants
Other organs are affected
63
Examples of secondary irritants
Hydrogen sulfide (produces olfactory fatigue)
64
Types of asphyxiants
1. Simple | 2. Chemical
65
Simple asphyxiants
Displace enough oxygen to create a hazard
66
Percent of oxygen in air the creates hazard
Usually below 16%
67
Normal oxygen content in air
21%
68
Oxygen content permissible to enter a confined space
19.5%
69
Example of simple asphyxiant
Methane
70
Chemical asphyxiant
Unable to utilize adequate oxygen supply
71
Examples of chemical asphyxiants
1. Carbon monoxide | 2. Cyanide
72
Narcotic
Causes simple anesthesia without serious systemic effects
73
Examples of narcotics
1. Solvents 2. Alcohols 3. Nitrous oxide 4. Glues
74
Hepatotoxins
Liver damage
75
Examples of Hepatotoxins
1. Carbon tetrachloride 2. Chlordane 3. Vinyl chloride
76
Most common Hepatotoxins
Chlorinated solvents
77
Nephrotoxins
Toxins that cause kidney damage
78
Examples of nephrotoxins
1. Heavy metals (commonly mercury) 2. Chlorinated solvents 3. Coke oven emissions 4. Benzedine 5. Arsine
79
Main use for benzidine
Dye
80
Smell of arsine
Garlic
81
Neurotoxins
Toxins that cause nervous system damage
82
Examples of neurotoxins
1. Methyl mercury 2. Carbon disulfide 3. Lead 4. Carbon monoxide 5. Manganese 6. Heavy metals 7. Organophosphates 8. Mercury
83
Common neurological effects of manganese
Parkinson-like effects
84
Common neurological effects of heavy metals
Peripheral neuropathy
85
Common neurological effects of lead
Wrist drop and foot drop
86
Common neurological effects of mercury
"Mad Hatter" syndrome
87
Hematopoietic agents
Agents that act in the blood forming organs
88
Examples of hematopoietic agents
1. Benzene 2. Ionizing radiation 3. Arsine 4. TNT
89
Common hematopoietic effects of benzene
1. Aplastic anemia | 2. Leukemia
90
Common hematopoietic effects of ionizing radiation
Leukemia
91
Types of damage toxins can have on the lungs
1. Pneumoconioses 2. Sensitization 3. Fibrosis 4. Carcinogen
92
Examples of pneumoconioses
Hydrogen chloride
93
Examples of sensitization agents
Isocyanates
94
Examples of agents that cause fibrosis
1. Silica 2. Asbestos 3. Beryllium
95
Examples of carcinogens for the lungs
1. Asbestos 2. Arsenic 3. Chromium VI
96
Carcinogen
A substance that can cause cancer
97
Mutagen
A substance that can affect the chromosomes
98
Teratogen
A substance that can affect the fetus "monster forming"
99
Agents that can affect the reproductive system
1. Ionizing radiation 2. Heat 3. Carbon disulfide 4. Ethylene oxide 5. Rubella 6. Varicella
100
Reproductive effects of ionizing radiation
1. Decreased sperm | 2. Decreased female fertility
101
Reproductive effects of heat
Decreased sperm
102
Reproductive effects of carbon disulfide
Decreased female fertility
103
Reproductive effects of ethylene oxide
Spontaneous abortions
104
Reproductive effects of rubella
Congenital defects
105
Reproductive effects of varicella
Congenital defects

Occupational & Environmental Health (49 decks)

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