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Occupational & Environmental Health > Concepts Of Toxicology & Industrial Hygiene Principles- Done > Flashcards

Concepts Of Toxicology & Industrial Hygiene Principles- Done Flashcards

0
Q

Reproductive hazards in the workplace are most associated with these exposures

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Lead
  3. DBCP
  4. Ethylene glycol ethers
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1
Q

An aerosol of solid particles generated by welding on heavy metals is…

A

Fume

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2
Q

Nephrotic ins are most associated with exposures to

A

Heavy metals and mercury

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3
Q

Toxicology defined

A

Study of adverse effects on biological systems

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4
Q

Definition of industrial hygiene includes

A
  1. Anticipation
  2. Recognition
  3. Evaluation
  4. Control
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5
Q

Example of a simple asphyxiate

A

Methane

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6
Q

Permissible exposure limits (PELs) outline by OSHA are considered safe

A

False

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7
Q

A chemical asphyxiant has no effect on other organs of the body

A

False

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8
Q

Pertains to an action of two or more substances, organs or organisms to achieve an effect greater than the additive effect of the separate elements

A

Synergistic effect

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9
Q

Interdisciplinary members of the occupational health and safety team for industrial hygiene

A
  1. Management
  2. Safety/industrial hygiene
  3. Health care providers
  4. Engineering/ergonomists/physicists
  5. Employees, unions others as appropriate
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10
Q

Types of environmental stressors

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physical
  3. Biological
  4. Ergonomic (human)
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11
Q

Chemical stressors

A

Materials such as:

  1. Acids
  2. Alkalis (corrosives)
  3. Solvents
  4. Minerals
  5. Detergents
  6. Paints
  7. Pesticides
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12
Q

Types of chemical stressors

A
  1. Mists
  2. Vapors
  3. Gases
  4. Smoke
  5. Dusts
  6. Aerosol
  7. Fumes
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13
Q

Physical stressors

A

Includes conditions produced by environment and processes

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14
Q

Examples of physical stressors

A
  1. Noise
  2. Temperature
  3. Illumination
  4. Vibration
  5. Radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing)
  6. Pressure
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15
Q

Biological stressors

A

Includes infectious living matter

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16
Q

Examples of biological stressors

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungus
  4. Parasites
  5. Plants
  6. Insects
  7. Animals
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17
Q

Ergonomic (human) stressors

A

Includes man-machine relationships, mental & emotional stresses

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18
Q

Examples of ergonomic stressors

A
  1. Posture
  2. Repetition
  3. Force
  4. Fatigue
  5. Monotony
  6. Awkward tasks
  7. Increased physical demands
  8. Conflict
  9. Mental stress
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19
Q

Toxicity

A

The inherent capacity of a substance to cause harm or to produce injury/illness when it enters the body

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20
Q

Hazard

A

The probability that a substance will produce harm under specific conditions

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21
Q

Dose

A

-The single factor that determines the degree of harmfulness of a compound

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22
Q

Dose continuum

A 
Point source emission
Human contact exposure
Potential dose to the body
Biologically effective/response dose to the target system
Early expression of disease
Health effect on endpoint
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23
Q

Response continuum

A

No response range
Range of increasing response with increasing dose
Maximum response range

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24
Q

Exposure

A

The quantity and extent of external contact with a toxic substance

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25
Q

Toxic response

A

An effect considered to be harmful to the biological system as a result of exposure to a chemical, biological or physical agent

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26
Q

BEI’s

A
  • biological exposure indices
  • exposure limits based on levels of substances within the body
  • based on levels of substances found in the body normally urine, blood or exhaled air
  • measures the exposed individuals internal environment
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27
Q

Toxic agent

A

An agent capable of producing a harmful response in a biological system leading to serious injury, dysfunction or death

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28
Q

Safe limits

A

The practical certainty that a substance will not produce harm under specific conditions

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29
Q

Permissible exposure limits (PELs)

A
  • used by OSHA

- chemical exposure can be measured, then compared to recognized standards for a healthful environment

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30
Q

Determinants of amount of hazard

A
  1. Source of emissions (form)
  2. How exposed (ventilation, working conditions, presence of other exposures, job activities)
  3. How much (concentration, frequency)
  4. How long (duration)
  5. Temperature
  6. Personal sensitivity
  7. Functional condition of target organs and organs of detoxification
  8. Age
  9. Gender
  10. Nutrition
  11. Health status
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31
Q

Modes of entry of toxic substances into the body

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Ingestion
  3. Skin and eye absorption
  4. Injection
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32
Q

LD50

A

Dose of toxic substance which will produce death in 50% of the animals

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33
Q

Items that influence LD50

A
  1. Species
  2. Route of administration
  3. Vehicle
  4. Time period
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34
Q

Most common route of exposure in test animals

A

Intraperitoneal

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35
Q

LC50

A
  • Lethal concentration for 50% of the exposed organisms in the air
  • Like LD50 it is determined statistically using the proportions of animals killed from several different dose/exposure groups
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36
Q

Factors influencing intensity of toxic action

A
  1. Rate of entry
  2. Additive interaction
  3. Synergistic effect
  4. Potentiation
  5. Antagonism
  6. Effect of toxins in the body
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37
Q

Types of rate of entry

A
  1. Acute

2. Chronic

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38
Q

Acute effects

A
  • Immediate damage to skin, eyes, lungs or stomach etc

- may be felt right away or have a delayed reaction

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39
Q

Chronic effects

A

Damage may build up from long range exposure over weeks, months, years

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40
Q

Additive interaction

A

Describes the concept of combined effects from more than one route of exposure

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41
Q

Example of additive interaction

A

Inhalation and ingestion of the same substance

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42
Q

Synergistic

A

Pertaining to an action of two or more substances, organs or organisms to achieve a greater effect that he additive effects of the separate element

43
Q

Potentiation

A

Refers to the action of a substance, thereby maintaining elevated systemic levels of the toxic agent

44
Q

Example of potentiation

A

Alcohol consumption combined with lead exposure increases the absorption of lead through the GI tract, potentiating the toxicity of lead

45
Q

Antagonism

A

Refers to an effect that is less severe than expected when a substance prevents the absorption of a toxic substance

46
Q

Modes of excretion

A
  1. Urine
  2. Perspiration
  3. Milk
  4. Spinal fluid
  5. Saliva
  6. Hair
47
Q

Biotransformation

A

Transformed into substance that can be excreted

48
Q

Half-life

A

Where it’s stored and length of storage in the body

49
Q

Location and duration of PCB storage

A
  • fatty tissue

- lifetime

50
Q

Physical states of chemical contaminants

A
  1. Dust
  2. Fiber
  3. Fume
  4. Gas
  5. Vapor
  6. Mist
51
Q

Dust

A

Solid particles

Also fibrous

52
Q

Fiber

A

Regular shape

Usually three times longer than it is wide

53
Q

Examples of fibers

A
  1. Asbestos

2. Fiberglass

54
Q

Fume

A

Particle in heated gaseous state

55
Q

Gas

A

Formless matter

56
Q

Vapor

A

Gaseous form of liquid

57
Q

Mist

A

Suspended liquid droplets

58
Q

Physiological classifications of chemical contaminants/target organs

A
  1. Irritants
  2. Asphyxiants
  3. Narcotic
  4. Hepatotoxins
  5. Nephrotoxins
  6. Neurotoxins
  7. Hematopoietic agents
  8. Agents which damage the lung
  9. Carcinogen
  10. Mutagen
  11. Teratogen
  12. Reproductive effects
59
Q

Types of irritants

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

60
Q

Primary irritants

A

No system action

61
Q

Examples of primary irritants

A

Acids

62
Q

Secondary irritants

A

Other organs are affected

63
Q

Examples of secondary irritants

A

Hydrogen sulfide (produces olfactory fatigue)

64
Q

Types of asphyxiants

A
  1. Simple

2. Chemical

65
Q

Simple asphyxiants

A

Displace enough oxygen to create a hazard

66
Q

Percent of oxygen in air the creates hazard

A

Usually below 16%

67
Q

Normal oxygen content in air

A

21%

68
Q

Oxygen content permissible to enter a confined space

A

19.5%

69
Q

Example of simple asphyxiant

A

Methane

70
Q

Chemical asphyxiant

A

Unable to utilize adequate oxygen supply

71
Q

Examples of chemical asphyxiants

A
  1. Carbon monoxide

2. Cyanide

72
Q

Narcotic

A

Causes simple anesthesia without serious systemic effects

73
Q

Examples of narcotics

A
  1. Solvents
  2. Alcohols
  3. Nitrous oxide
  4. Glues
74
Q

Hepatotoxins

A

Liver damage

75
Q

Examples of Hepatotoxins

A
  1. Carbon tetrachloride
  2. Chlordane
  3. Vinyl chloride
76
Q

Most common Hepatotoxins

A

Chlorinated solvents

77
Q

Nephrotoxins

A

Toxins that cause kidney damage

78
Q

Examples of nephrotoxins

A
  1. Heavy metals (commonly mercury)
  2. Chlorinated solvents
  3. Coke oven emissions
  4. Benzedine
  5. Arsine
79
Q

Main use for benzidine

A

Dye

80
Q

Smell of arsine

A

Garlic

81
Q

Neurotoxins

A

Toxins that cause nervous system damage

82
Q

Examples of neurotoxins

A
  1. Methyl mercury
  2. Carbon disulfide
  3. Lead
  4. Carbon monoxide
  5. Manganese
  6. Heavy metals
  7. Organophosphates
  8. Mercury
83
Q

Common neurological effects of manganese

A

Parkinson-like effects

84
Q

Common neurological effects of heavy metals

A

Peripheral neuropathy

85
Q

Common neurological effects of lead

A

Wrist drop and foot drop

86
Q

Common neurological effects of mercury

A

“Mad Hatter” syndrome

87
Q

Hematopoietic agents

A

Agents that act in the blood forming organs

88
Q

Examples of hematopoietic agents

A
  1. Benzene
  2. Ionizing radiation
  3. Arsine
  4. TNT
89
Q

Common hematopoietic effects of benzene

A
  1. Aplastic anemia

2. Leukemia

90
Q

Common hematopoietic effects of ionizing radiation

A

Leukemia

91
Q

Types of damage toxins can have on the lungs

A
  1. Pneumoconioses
  2. Sensitization
  3. Fibrosis
  4. Carcinogen
92
Q

Examples of pneumoconioses

A

Hydrogen chloride

93
Q

Examples of sensitization agents

A

Isocyanates

94
Q

Examples of agents that cause fibrosis

A
  1. Silica
  2. Asbestos
  3. Beryllium
95
Q

Examples of carcinogens for the lungs

A
  1. Asbestos
  2. Arsenic
  3. Chromium VI
96
Q

Carcinogen

A

A substance that can cause cancer

97
Q

Mutagen

A

A substance that can affect the chromosomes

98
Q

Teratogen

A

A substance that can affect the fetus

“monster forming”

99
Q

Agents that can affect the reproductive system

A
  1. Ionizing radiation
  2. Heat
  3. Carbon disulfide
  4. Ethylene oxide
  5. Rubella
  6. Varicella
100
Q

Reproductive effects of ionizing radiation

A
  1. Decreased sperm

2. Decreased female fertility

101
Q

Reproductive effects of heat

A

Decreased sperm

102
Q

Reproductive effects of carbon disulfide

A

Decreased female fertility

103
Q

Reproductive effects of ethylene oxide

A

Spontaneous abortions

104
Q

Reproductive effects of rubella

A

Congenital defects

105
Q

Reproductive effects of varicella

A

Congenital defects

Occupational & Environmental Health (49 decks)

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