WK6: Cognitive view of learning Flashcards
What is general knowledge?
Useful in various tasks and applies to many situations.
What is domain specific knowledge?
Useful in specific situations or applies mainly to one topic.
What is knowledge?
Remembering something over time and being able to find it when needed. Outcome of learning and input into new knowing.
What is perception?
The process of detecting a stimulus and assigning meaning to it.
What is bottom up processing?
Noticing/analysing separate defining features to make a rough sketch. Features are assembled into recognised patterns
What is top down processing?
Making sense of information using context and what we already know about the situation
What are the different components of memory
Short term memory, Long term memory, sensory
What is the function of sensory memory?
It briefly holds incoming stimuli, and the initial processing in sensory memory transforms these stimuli into information
What is attention?
Attention is the selective process that limits what we perceive and process, allowing us to focus on selected stimuli while ignoring others.
How does attention relate to cognitive tasks?
Attention allows us to attend to only one cognitively demanding task at a time. What we find cognitively demanding is strongly influenced by prior knowledge.
What are the two types of multitasking?
Sequential multitasking involves switching back and forth from one task to another, focusing on one at a time. Simultaneous multitasking involves overlapping focus on several tasks
What is Working Memory?
Short term memory. Working Memory is a system responsible for the short-term holding and processing of information. It has a limited capacity and requires active rehearsal to prevent information decay
What decay in terms of memory?
weak memories over a passage of time
What is displacement in terms of memory?
processing new info -> interferes with existing memory -> confusion
What is depletion in terms of memory?
WM resources become depleted after a period of sustained cognitive exertion -> reduced capacity to commit further resources
What is explicit memory?
Recalled and consciously considered memory.
What is Explicit memory - semantic memory?
Memory for meaning, such as facts, words, and concepts that aren’t linked to particular experiences. It is void of context and involves propositions connected and stored in propositional networks.
What is Explicit Memory - Episodic?
It is long-term memory for information tied to a particular time and place, involving memories that keep track of the order of events, but not necessarily by date.
What is a flashbulb memory?
Flashbulb Memory refers to clear, vivid memories of emotionally important events in one’s life, typically associated with intense emotions, whether very positive or very negative.
What is implicit memory - Procedural Memory?
Procedural Memory is the long-term memory of how to do things, stored as productions. As skills become automated, conscious access to verbalized thoughts diminishes, and remembering requires time and effort.
Why is forgetting in long-term memory challenging?
Forgetting in long-term memory can be difficult; while initial forgetting may occur relatively fast, decay is gradual over time.
What are two reasons for forgetting in long-term memory?
- Interference from new memories.
- Lack of the right cue for retrieval.
How can memories be strengthened and enriched?
Memories can be strengthened and enriched through the process of retrieving and reconstructing them.
What is Implicit Memory?
Implicit Memory refers to knowledge that we aren’t consciously recalling but can still influence our behavior or thoughts.
What are the two subtypes of Implicit Memory?
Classical Conditioning:
Description: Involves the association of an emotional or physiological response with a stimulus.
Priming:
Description: Involves activating a concept in long-term memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another, influencing associations.
What is embodied cognition?
Cognition is dependent on and shaped by our physical bodies
What is situated cognition?
Social interactions and cultural practices shape cognition
What is distributed cognition?
Mental representations are distributed across the tools we use to think with
