Week 6: Cognitive views of learning Flashcards
Define general knowledge
Info thats useful in various tasks and applies to many situations.
E.g How to read
Define domain specific knowledge
Info thats useful in specific situations and applies to mainly one topic.
E.g Definitions
Define Knowledge
The practical ability to recall and use learned information when needed
Define perception
The process of detecting a stimulus and assigning meaning to it
Define bottoms up processing
Noticing and analyzing individual features to create a basic outline. Features are then combined to recognize patterns.
Define top down processing
Making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation.
Applying existing knowledge or context to understand the whole picture.
What four aspects are involved in processing information?
- Long term memory
- Sensory memory
- Working memory
- Attention
What happens in the sensory memory when processing information?
- Sensory memory = first stage in the information processing system
- it captures the initial stimuli from the environment before further processing occurs.
What does attention involve?
- Selective attention limits what we will perceive and process
- Focus on selected stimuli and ignore others
- With practice, we can perform learned tasks without much mental effort
What is sequential in attention and multitasking
Being able to switch back and forth from one task to other; focus on one at a time
What is simultaneous in attention and multitasking
Overlapping focus on several tasks
Define working memory
A cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily
Define decay in WM
Weaker memories fade away over time.
Define displacement in WM
New information interferes with existing memories, leading to confusion.
Define depletion in WM
Working memory resources get used up after sustained mental effort, reducing the capacity for further cognitive tasks.
Explicit memory
Remebering things conciously
Semantic memory
Remembering meanings, facts, without specifc experiences
Define procedural memory
The long-term storage of how to perform skills and actions, where sequences become automatic, and recalling them involves effort as memories are actively reconstructed.
Define episodic memory
LTM that recalls specific events or experiences tied to particular times and places, maintaining the order of occurrences without necessarily specifying dates.
Flashbulb memory
clear and vivid recollections of emotionally significant events in one’s life, often associated with intense emotions, whether very positive or very negative
What is implicit memory
Knowledge we aren’t conscious of recalling -> still can influence our behaviour or thoughts
What is priming
Priming is like waking up related ideas in your memory by activating one concept, setting off a chain of associated thoughts.
What is embodied cognition
Cognition is dependent on and shaped by our physical bodies
What is situated cognition
Social interactions and cultural practices shape cognition
What is distributed cognition
Mental representations are distributed across the tools we use to think with
