Winemaking and Maturation Flashcards
battonage
stirring the lees
What is blanketing?
winemaking term for protecting grapes, juice, or wine, particularly from oxygen, by applying a gas, usually inert gas or sometimes CO2
What compound is to blame for the smell of oxidation as it is the first to react with Ethanol?
Acetaldehyde
Which compound is considered the main component of Volatile Acidity (VA)?
Acetic Acid
What are the main goals of acidification? (4)
1) Increase the apparent freshness and fruitiness of wine
2) Protect the wine against attack from bacteria and spoilage yeasts such as Brettanomyces
3) Enhance the effectiveness of SO2
4) Improve the color of wine. Lower pH values promote color stability by affecting the ionization of pigment compounds such as anthocyanins.
What are the two most important acids in wine and present in grapes?
Tartaric Acid and Malic Acid
What is acidulation refer to?
The process of acidification.
What are a few examples of aeration during winemaking?
Racking
Delestage
Pumping Over
How does fining and filtration affect maturation of wine?
When extreme it can hasten the rate of maturation.
How does temperature affect the maturation of wine?
Increase in temperature will hasten the maturation process but the complexity of flavor will be far less than if matured and cooler temperatures.
How does the concentration of phenolics in white wine relate to its ageability?
White wines with low levels of phenolics when bottled such as Riesling will have more potential for long aging.
What are a few techniques used for artificial aging of wine?
1) Shaking the wine to encourage effects of dissolved oxygen in the bottled wine.
2) Exposing the wine to extremes of temperature
3) Exposing the wine to radiation or ultrasonic/magnetic waves.
Describe the difference between Actual Alcoholic Strength and Potential Alcoholic Strength. What about Total alcoholic strength?
Actual is the final amount of alcohol in the wine as expressed by proof or percentage by volume.
Potential Alcoholic Strength refers to what the concentration of alcohol in a wine would be if all the sugars were converted to alcohol.
Total Alcoholic Strength refers to the sum of the actual alcoholic strength (post fermentation) + Potential Alcoholic Strength.
What techniques may be used for the reduction of alcohol in wine?
Spinning Cone Columns which are a form of low temperature distillation.
Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis, Evaporative Perstraction, Ultrafiltration, and Nanofiltration which are all forms of membrane separation techniques.
Humidification.
Allier is a department well-known for its oak. What AOP is located within this departement?
St-Pourçain
Why are amphora traditionally narrow at their base? What style of wine results from this? What style of wine does the concrete egg lend itself to?
To allow less lees contact with the maturing wine. This creates a more vibrant and fresh style of wine compared to egg shapes which tend to produce richer styles as a result of more lees influence.
What is the Georgian equivalent of an amphora?
Qvevri
What is a Tinaja?
Earthenware vessels commonly used in Central and Southern Spain as well as Southern Chile for fermentation and/or Maturation
How does pH or level of acidity affect the color of red wine?
The lower the pH / higher the acidity, the redder the wine will be.
The higher the pH / lower the acidity in the wine the bluer the wine will look.
pH affects the degree of ionization of anthocyanins
In 1923 what factors did Baron le Roy implement into the AOC system in addition to geographical delimitation?
Permitted Vine Varieties
Pruning
Vine Training Methods
Minimum Alcohol Strength
What drove the massive amount of fraudulent and adulterated wines to be produced in France during the first half of the 20th century?
Economic depression in the 1930s, widespread cultivation of hybrids, and a serious wine surplus increased the incentive for wine merchants to indulge in nefarious blending.
In what year was the VDQS system aboloished?
After the 2010 vintage
What technique is the catalan native Arnaud de Villeneuve credited with innovated and what style of wines resulted from this innovation?
Mutage, or the halting of fermentation by the addition of grape spirit.
Vin Doux Naturels, which became widely popular and a tradition of French Catalonia.
What is arrope and what is it used for?
Boiled down and thus concentrated grape syrup most commonly used for the sweetening of Sherry