Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3a > WH: Reproductive System + Physiology > Flashcards

WH: Reproductive System + Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

At how many weeks does fetal heart beat start?

A

6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of hormone is oestrogen? produced where? in response to what?

A

oestrogen is a steroid sex hormone produced by the ovaries in response to LH + FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common form of oestrogen?

A

17-beta oestradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of hormone is progesterone? produced where?

A

progesterone is steroid sex hormone produced by the corpus lute after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of hormone is LH? produced from where? under the influence of what? and what does it stimulate production of?

A

(gonadotrophin hormone)
GnRH stimulates AP to release LH => which acts on theca cells in the ovaries to produce and release androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of hormone is FSH? produced from where? under the influence of what?

A

(Gonadotrophin)
GnRH stimulates AP to release FSH => which acts on granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens when FSH binds to granulosa cells? (3)

A
  • Follicle growth
  • Permit conversion of androgens to oestrogen
  • Stimulate Inhibin secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the negative feedback mechanisms in the HPG axis?

A
  • Oestrogen negatively feedsback to AP and hypothalamus to decrease GnRH and gonatrophin release
  • Inhibin negatively feedback to AP to reduce FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In males: What cells does LH act on and what does it stimulate?

A

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
L-L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is testosterone?

A

main male sex steroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does testosterone stimulate in males? (8)

A
  • Formation of sperm (spermatogenesis
  • Maintenance of libido
  • development of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Growth of external genitalia
  • deepening of voice
  • Muscle growth
  • Bone growth
  • promotion of anabolic creation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In males: What cells does FSH act on and what does it stimulate (2)?

A

FSH drives sperm production in the Sertoli cells (spermatogenesis)
(and drives synthesis of proteins)
S_S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What in the menstrual cycle? generally

A

menstruation occurs on a monthly cycle throughout female reproductive yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how long is an average menstural cycle (range)

A

21 - 35 day cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the words for the start and end of mesntruation ?

A

menarche
menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the average age for menarche ? (range)

A

10 - 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the average age for menopause ? (range)

A

45 - 55

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the HPG feedback response to:
Moderate oestrogen levels?

A

moderate oestrogen levels exert negative feedback on the HPG axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the HPG feedback response to: High oestrogen levels (in the absence of progesterone) ?

A

High oestrogen levels (in the absence of progesterone) positively feedback on the HPG axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the HPG feedback response to: Oestrogen in the presence of progesterone?

A

exerts negative feedback on the HPG axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the HPG feedback response to: Inhibin ?

A

selectively inhibits FSH at the AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the general 2 phases of the menstrual cycle in terms of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular + luteal phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When does the follicular phase start? end? how long is it?

A

starts at beginning of menstruation till ovulation (about 14 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during follicular phase? generally

A

marks beginning of new cycle
- follicles begin to mature + prepare oocyte release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What it a follicle? structure

A

oocyte surrounded by stromal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the ovarian production levels at the beginning of the follicular phase? and the follicle action?

A

little ovarian oestrogen production (follicle begins development independate of gonadotrophines and ovarian hormones) => low steroid sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the lack of ovarian production at the beginning of the follicular phase affect the other hormones ?

A

low steroid + Inhibin levels => reduced negative feedback => rise in FSH + LH => stimulate follicle growth and oestrogen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the oestrogen levels by the end of the follicular phase? what does this cause ?

A

follicular oestrogen becomes high => positive feedback => increased GnRH => LH surge (ovulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why does the high oestrogen levels lead to only an LH surge and not FSH surge?

A

gransulosa cells still secreted Inhibin which acts to reduce FSH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What hormone causes ovulation?

A

LH surge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what happens in the ovaries at ovulation?

A

LH surge => mature oocyte ruptures from follicle (smooth muscle in theca external contract) => assisted to fallopian tube by fimbrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How long is the oocyte viable for after ovulation ?

A

24 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What hormones does the corpus lute produce ?

A
  • Progesterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Inhibin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What 3 phases of the mesntural cycle are there in terms of the uterine cycle? which do they run alongside compared to the ovaries)

A
  • Proliferative (alongside follicular)
  • Secretory (luteal)
  • Menses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens to the uterus during the proliferate phase ? (4) which hormone initials this ?

A

Uterine cycle: proliferative phase (follicular)
- oestrogen initials fallpain tube formation
- Endometrial thickening
- increased myometrial growth and motility
- Production of thin alkaline cervical mucus

oestrogen initiates this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens do the uterus during the secretory phase? which hormone initiates this?

A

Uterine cycle: secretory phase (luteal)
- endometrial and myometrial thickening
- Decreased myometrial motility
- Thick acidic mucus

initated by progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the purpose of the thick acidic cervical mucus? during which phase? which hormone causes this?

A

progesterone (during secretory/ luteal phase) => thick acidic cervical mucus => hostile environment to prevent polyspermy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How long does menses last? how much blood?

A

2 -7 days
10 -80 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which levels of follicle development can happen independent of the stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

primordial follicles => primary follicles => secondary follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What hormone is required for further follicle development ? what kind of follicle would this be?

A

FSH => astral follicle development (from secondary follicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does oestrogen affect cervical mucus? during which phase?

A

increase cervical permeability (sperm can pass) during the follicular phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is an ovum?

A

unfertilised egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens to the follicle that released the oocyte after ovulation?

A

collapses and becomes the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

If fertilisation occurs: what maintains the corpus luteum? which hormone?

A

the syncytiotrophoblast of the the embryo secretes hCG which maintains the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does LH surge occur in mestrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen levels rise to v high, meaning that a +ve feedback is exerted on the HPG axis, rapidly increasing LH secretion bytnot FSH (Inhibin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is gametogenesis? overall

A

when haploid cells (n) are formed form a diploid cell (2n) through meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the words for the male and female gametogenesis?

A
  • Spermatogensis
  • Oogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

the process by which male gametes (sperm) are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take?

A

70 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place? which cells?

A

seminiferous tubules of the Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is a spermatogonium? haploid or diploid?

A

diploid germ cells
(large amounts present at base of Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

describe the steps from spermatogonium => spermatazoa

A

spermatogonium => (enter meiosis) => primary spermatocyte => secondary spermatocyte => spermatids => (spermiogenesis) => spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Spermatogenesis: meiosis 1 is just completed. What stage of dev?

A

secondary spmatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are spermatids? diploid/haploid?

A

haploid cells not fully differentiated (correct no. chromosomes but not characteristic to survive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Spermatogenesis: meiosis 2 is just completed. What stage of dev?

A

spermatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the 3 components to a function spermatozoa (sperm) ? describe ?

A
  • Nucleus (haploid genome)
  • Acrosome (cap over most of nucleus)
  • Flagellum ( whip like cellular appendage for locomotion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What cell type are the seminiferous tubules lined by? function of these cells (2)?

A

lined with epithelial layer of sertolli cells
- Support + provide nutrients to various sperm precursors
- Protective: form blood-testes layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is sperm maturation ? what becomes what? where does it happen

A

the spermatids undergo spermiogenesis (remodelling and differentiation into spermatozoa) as they travel along the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is sperm capacitation? which sperm stage goes through this? where does it happen? what does it allow for/why important ?

A

once sperm leave M + enter F body (in the uterus)
- removal of cholesterol + glycoproteins allows it to bind to soma pellucid of the egg)

60
Q

Describe the structure of a primordial follicle?

A

oocyte surrounded by pregranulsoa cells

61
Q

what is an oocyte

A

a germ cell which undergoes meiosis => mature ovum

62
Q

What are the 3 layers to a primary oocyte?

A

(inner oocyte)
- Zona pellucida
- Cuboidal granuloma cells
- Theca cells

63
Q

What forms the song pellucida ?

A

the graudlosa cells secrete material that becomes ZP

64
Q

What does the theca do? 2 parts?

A

-Theca interna: secretes androgens
- Theca externa: made of connective tissue (smooth muscle + collagen)

65
Q

Which part of the follicle is affected by the LH surge?

A

causes the tech external to squeeze => follicle burst

66
Q

When does oocyte undergo meiosis 1? what is it now at this stage? at what stage does it stop?

A

at around time of ovulation, oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 up until metaphase 2
- it is now a secondary oocyte

67
Q

when does meiosis II of ovum take place?

A

at fertilisation, creates final (3rd) polar body

68
Q

What is coitus?

A

sexual intercourse that results in the deposition of sparm in the vagina at level of cervix

69
Q

what are the 5 stages of coitus?

A
  • Sexual arousal
  • Excitement phase
  • Plataue phase
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution phase
70
Q

What happens during the Male plateau phase (4) ?

A
  • Penile erection
  • Increase size of testicles
  • Increased HR
  • Increased BP
71
Q

What happens during the male orgasmic phase? (2)

A
  • Emission
  • Ejaculation
72
Q

What happens during male emission (coitus)

A

orgasmic phase
- structures contract in order to mix the contents of ejaculate

73
Q

what happens during male ejaculation (coitus)?

A

orgasmic phase
- semen is expelled form the prostate urthra due to muscle contractions

74
Q

What happens during the female excitement phase of coitus?

A
  • Increase the circumference of vagina
  • Lubricate vagina
  • Inner 2/3 vagina lengthen + expand
75
Q

How long can sperm serve in the email reproductive tract for ?

A

120 hours

76
Q

What is conception?

A

it is the union of the male sperm and the female oocyte to form a zygote

77
Q

when the sperm approaches the egg, what stage of dev is the egg?

A

secondary oocyte

78
Q

what are the 6 stages of conception?

A

1) sperm transport to site of fertilisation
2) Sperm capacitation
3) acrosomal reaction
4) Polyspermy block
5) Completion of meiosis II
6) Zygote formation

79
Q

What helps promote sperm transport to site of fertilisation? (2)

A
  • High female oestrogen at time of ovulation => decrease cervical mucus => allow sperm passage
  • Prostaglandin in seminal fluid promote myometrial contractions to propel sperm => fallopian
80
Q

What is sperm capacitation? triggered by what?

A

final maturation process of sperm
- Triggered by uterine secretions

81
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction involved in conception?

A

hydrolytic + proteolytic enzymes digest ZP

82
Q

On which day after fertilisation does the embryo become a blastocyst ?

A

Day 5

83
Q

Where does conception most commonly occur? be specific?

A

in the ampulla of fallopian tubes

84
Q

When does development of the placenta begin?

A

during implantation of the blastocyst

85
Q

When cells for the placenta?

A

the outer trophoblast cells form the placenta

86
Q

What happens day 6 after conception?

A

ZP disintegrates + blastocyst “hatches” so implantation can take place

87
Q

Where does normal implantation occur?

A

on the anterior or posterior wall of the body of the uterus

88
Q

What happens day 8 after conception ?

A

trophoblast differentiation into syncytiotrophblast

89
Q

what is the syndcytiotrohpblast? and why is it important?

A

outer layer of trophoblast (of blastocyst) that is in contact in contact with the endometrium
- secrete hCG to maintain corpus luteum

90
Q

what properties do the maternal blood arteries in the syncytiotrophoblast have?

A

low resistance, high blood flow condition to meet fetal demands

91
Q

How long dies it typically take for placenta to be delivered?

A

30 min

92
Q

Average weight of placenta at full term?

A

600g

93
Q

at what point in pregnancy is the early utero placental circulation established?

A

by end of week 2

94
Q

What structure in the placenta separates maternal blood from fetal tissue ?

A

syncytial layer

95
Q

what vessel in umbilical cord? what blood? direction to/from heart?

A
  • 2 umbilical arteries carrying deoxy blood away form heart
  • 1 vein carrying oxy blood to the heart
96
Q

What are the 3 layers of the fetal pole?

A
  • endoderm (inner)
  • mesoderm (middle)
  • ectoderm (outer)
97
Q

what does the endoderm become ?

A

(inner)
- Gi tract
- Lungs
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Thyroid
- Reproductive system

98
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

(Middle)
- Heart
- Muscle
- Bone
- Connective tissue
- Blood
- Kidneys

99
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

(outer)
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Teeth
- CNS

100
Q

how does maternal blood get to uterine veins?

A

maternal blood => uterine arteries => lucanae => uterine veins

101
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the placenta?

A
  • Respiration
  • Nutrition
  • Excretion
  • Endocrine
  • Immunity
102
Q

what is the oxygen source for fetus

A

Placenta is the only oxygen source of the fetus

103
Q

describe the fetus affinity for oxygen compared to maternal

A

fetal Hämoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

104
Q

What substances are exchanged in the placenta (respiration)?

A
  • Oxygen
  • CO2
  • H+
  • Bicarb
  • lactic acid
105
Q

What can be transferred to the fetus from the placenta nutrition-wise

A
  • mostly glucose
  • harmful substances: meds, alcohol, caffeine, cigarette
106
Q

What is expected from the placenta on behalf of the fetus?

A

acts as adult kidney (urea + kidney)

107
Q

How to pregnancy levels of oestrogen and progesterone compare to normal?

A

Throughout pregnancy the levels of progesterone and oestrogen increase; the oestrogen being produced by the placenta and the progesterone being produced by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta.

108
Q

how does oestrogen affect T3 and T4 levels? and TSH?

A

oestrogen increase thyroid-binding globulin => increased requirement => increased TSH => increased total T3 + T4 (but no change to free T3 + T4)

109
Q

What fetal development is thyroid essential for

A

neural development

110
Q

when does the fetal thyroid gland become functional

A

2nd trimester

111
Q

why are pregnant women more prone to diabetes?

A

in pregnancy there is an increase in anti-insulin hormones (lactose, prolactin, cortisol) => ensure continuo supply of glucose to fetus

112
Q

what cardiovascular changes are there in pregnancy? BP? CO? blood vol? SV? HR? PVR?

A
  • Increased in progesterone => decrease systemic vascular resistance => decrease diastolic BP => increase CO (in response to this)
  • Increase blood vol, SV, HR,
  • Decrease PVR
113
Q

What changes to circulating blood vol are there in pregnancy? what causes this?

A

increase in total blood col (due to increase sodium levels + water retention)

114
Q

What respiratory changes are there in pregnancy ? TV? RR?

A

Increase in metabolic demand = increase oxy demand => increase TV + increase RR

115
Q

what can pregnancy associated displacement of the stomach cause?

A

increased infra-gastric pressure => reflux (+ nausea + vomiting )

116
Q

what blood gas change would be expected in pregnancy?

A

compensated respiratory alkalosis

Many women experience hyperventilation during pregnancy. This results in a respiratory alkalosis with a compensated increase in renal bicarbonate excretion

117
Q

how does the GFR change in pregnancy ?

A

increase GFR because increased CO

118
Q

What contributes to the increased risk of UTI in pregnancy?

A

progesterone => relaxation of smooth muscle (ureter)

119
Q

What haematological changes are there in pregnancy?

A
  • increased fibrinogen + increased clotting factors => thromboembolism risk
  • increased RBC => increased folate, B12 + iron requirements
120
Q

what is the weight of a normal and a pregnancy uterus

A

0.1 - 1.1 kg

121
Q

What is menopause? how many months of symptoms ?

A

it is the end of female reproductive life
- amenorrhoea for 12 months (retrospective diagnosis)

122
Q

when does perimenopause begin ?

A

around 45 yrs

123
Q

what is classified as early menopause ?

A

40 - 45

124
Q

Describe the oestrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH levels in menopause?

A

oestrogen + progesterone: LOW
FSH + LH: HIGH (in response to absence of -ve feedback from oestrogen)

125
Q

what is the hormone responable for most of the symptoms (of menopause)

A

oestrogen (lack of)

126
Q

what causes the low oestrogen levels in menopause?

A

low follicle numbers => reduced gonatorophin receptor sensitivity => low FSH + LH => low oestrogen
- negative feedback then drives LH and FSH up
- low follicle embers also cause low Inhibin => increased FSH

127
Q

What are the main perimenopausal symptoms?

A

(progressing toward the menopause)
- Hot fluses
- urinary incontinence
- Increased UTIs
- Irregular vaginal bleeding
- Low mood
- PMS
- Decreased libido

128
Q

Explain how dyspareunia is linked with menopause?

A

decrease circulating oestrogen => vaginal atrophy + myometrial thinking => vaginal wall thinning + dryness => pain during sex

129
Q

What risks are associated with menopause? (5)

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • CVD
  • Stroke
  • POP
  • Urinary incontinence
130
Q

why is there an increased osteoporosis risk associated with the menopause? what cells involved?

A

oestrogen protect bone mass + density (by reducing osteoclast activity) => so less oestrogen => increased osteoclast action

131
Q

When is it considered no longer possible for a woman to conscieve?

A

after 12 consecutive moths of no menstruation

132
Q

What tests might you do in menopause? what might you find

A

FSH blood test (increase FSH)
(not worth relying oestrogen levels as they can fluctuate a lot anyway)

133
Q

which mechanism stimulates the female secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II?

A

cortical reaction

134
Q

What is congenital structural abnormalities caused by? due to?

A

by abnormal development of pelvic organs prior to birth
- Due to faulty genes of by chance

135
Q

What is another name for the paramesonephric ducts?

A

mullerian ducts

136
Q

what do the paramesonephric ducts develop into?

A
  • upper vagina
  • Cervix
  • Uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
137
Q

What structure in fetus does congenital structural abnormality relate to?

A

mullerian ducts

138
Q

why do males not develop a uterus?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone
- AMH supresses growth of paramesonephric ducts => causes them to disappear

139
Q

give examples of congenital structural abnormalities ?

A
  • Bicornuate uterus
  • Imperforate hymen
140
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

it is a condition where cells are unable to respond to androgen hormones due to a lack of androgen receptors
- extra androgens are converted into oestrogen => female secondary characteristics

141
Q

what type of inheritance is androgen insensitivity syndrome ?

A

x-linked recessive

142
Q

describe the the genotype of phenotype of a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome ?

A
  • patients are genetically male (XY)
  • Normal female external genitalia and breast tissue (patients have testes in abdo or inguinal canal)
143
Q

describe the pathophysiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

patient XY (male) but the absent response to testosterone plus conversion of additional androgens to oestrogen

144
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome presentation infancy? puberty?

A
  • Infancy: inguinal hernias
  • Puberty: primary amenorrhoea
145
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome managment?

A

generally raised as female
- bilateral orchidectomy
- oestrogen therapy
- Vaginal dilators (to create adequate vaginal length)

146
Q

in fertilisation: what prevents multiple sperm from fertilising egg?

A

cortical reaction

147
Q
A

3a (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions